tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21078673265399159342024-03-12T21:54:24.518-07:00Aceh storiesUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-84930757892491090022017-01-01T03:27:00.001-08:002017-01-01T03:27:05.743-08:00Usai Ditelepon Jokowi, Neisha Berdoa Agar Presiden Sehat<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vMDoXeXWDSs" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-22638639042170618572016-12-31T02:59:00.001-08:002016-12-31T02:59:16.368-08:00Beda Jokowi dan PM Malaysia Najib Sikapi Rohingya<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qsi9jmgGf-Q" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-66059948574156295952016-12-30T01:41:00.001-08:002016-12-30T01:41:04.416-08:00Indonesian Workers Minister Get Angry at Illegal Chinese Workers<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Xa0POv8hQbU" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-6745716560406601892016-12-29T03:31:00.001-08:002016-12-29T03:31:58.983-08:00Keren! Perbatasan RI - Timor Leste, Motaain Dulu Tandus Disulap Jokowi J...<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7V-A818xU4Y" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-88210353165568293172016-12-27T02:42:00.001-08:002016-12-27T02:42:50.923-08:00Jokowi: Pekerja Cina 10 Juta Masuk Indonesia??<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NT_I8z3QbRU" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-59287243534702077762016-12-23T02:42:00.001-08:002016-12-23T02:42:14.295-08:00Subhanallah!! Like the Prophet's Mosque, Masjid Raya Baiturrahman Aceh T...<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/f0T2ImvWwfw" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-72387855033412216632016-12-21T23:46:00.003-08:002016-12-21T23:46:06.504-08:00Mantap, Pos Perbatasan RI Entikong yang dulu mirip kandang disulap oleh ...<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6w1Kz8sgIFo" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-36463443473140533432016-12-21T23:46:00.001-08:002016-12-21T23:46:04.751-08:00Mantap, Pos Perbatasan RI Entikong yang dulu mirip kandang disulap oleh ...<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6w1Kz8sgIFo" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-9336556850914116412012-08-15T13:49:00.001-07:002012-08-15T13:49:45.089-07:00Allah Menghinakan Seorang Alim Jadi Pengemis, Mengapa? - Serambi Indonesia<a href="http://aceh.tribunnews.com/2012/08/15/dari-alim-jadi-pengemis-dari-pengemis-jadi-alim#.UCt7TMxVV7U.facebook">Allah Menghinakan Seorang Alim Jadi Pengemis, Mengapa? - Serambi Indonesia</a>: <br />
<br />
<a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk" style="font-size: 13px;">'via Blog this'</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-90168288529672080562012-08-15T11:53:00.001-07:002012-08-15T11:53:56.230-07:00Inilah Transkrip Lengkap Pertemuan 9 Oktober — <br />
<header role="banner" style="background-color: #fdfdfa; border: 0px; color: #080000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; font: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul class="entry-meta" style="border-top-color: rgb(205, 205, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #707065; font-size: 0.8em; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.09em; list-style: none; margin: 1.4em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.9em 0px 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><li class="first last" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><time class="updated" datetime="2012-08-15T00:00:00" pubdate="" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">AUG. 15, 2012</time></li>
</ul></header><section role="main" style="background-color: #fdfdfa; border: 0px; color: #080000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 1.2em; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><section class="entry-content instapaper_body" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="isi_berita2011 pt_5" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">JAKARTA, KOMPAS.com</strong> - Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono <a class="rdb-footnoted" href="http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/08/15/21404721/SBY.Bersumpah.Tak.Ada.Pembahasan.Bail.Out.Century." name="rdb-footnote-link-1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bersumpah bahwa dirinya tak membahas soal penyertaan modal sementara senilai 600 juta dollar AS kepada Bank Century </a>pada 9 Oktober 2008, sebagaimana ditudingkan mantan Ketua Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Antasari Azhar.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Saya katakan di hadapan Allah SWT, sama sekali tidak ada. Tidak ada yang menyinggung soal Bank Century. Apalagi membahas yang namanya <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bail out</em>," ujar Presiden dalam konferensi pers di Istana Negara, Rabu (15/8/2012) malam.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Selain <a class="rdb-footnoted" href="http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/08/15/22212720/Ini.Kronologi.Rapat.9.Oktober.Versi.SBY" name="rdb-footnote-link-2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">membeberkan kronologis rapat</a>, Kepala Negara membeberkan transkrip rapat yang digelar di Kantor Presiden, Jakarta, dan dihadiri anggota jajaran Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu I, di antaranya, Menko Polhukam Widodo AS, Menteri Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian ad interim Sri Mulyani, Menteri Sekretaris Negara Hatta Rajasa, Sekretaris Kabinet Sudi Silalahi, Kepala Polri Jenderal (Pol) Bambang Hendarso Danuri, Jaksa Agung Hendarman Supandji, Menteri BUMN Sofyan Djalil, Ketua BPK Anwar Nasution, dan Ketua BPKP Didi Widayadi.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berikut ini adalah transkrip pertemuan tersebut.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono:</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullaahi wabarakaatuh.</em></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saudara Pimpinan BPK, Pimpinan KPK, Pimpinan BPKP, para Menteri, Jaksa Agung, Kapolri, yang saya hormati.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pertama-tama, saya mengucapkan terima kasih atas kehadiran di ruangan ini untuk memenuhi undangan saya.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kita sama-sama mengikuti dinamika dan perkembangan perekonomian kita sebagai bagian dari perekonomian dunia. Kita sering mendengar bahwa in crucial things, unity. Dalam menghadapi masa sulit diperlukan kebersamaan dan persatuan. Salah satu kegagalan dan buruknya keadaan negara kita 10 tahun yang lalu, 1998, karena absennya <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">not only leadership </em>dalam berbagai hal, tapi juga sinergi, kebersamaan di antara kita semua waktu itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oleh karena itu, sambil kita sama-sama membangun semangat untuk melihat ke depan, melihat ke belakang untuk memetik pelajarannya supaya tidak terjadi lagi, saya sungguh ingin mengajak semua para penyelenggara negara untuk kita betul-betul sama-sama melangkah ke depan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pak Anwar Nasution masih ingat waktu Undang-Undang Dasar kita belum diamandemen, dulu ada penjelasan. Penjelasan itu saya kira Pak Antasari juga masih ingat ya, garis besarnya itu maju mundurnya kehidupan negara itu sangat tergantung pada semangat daripada penyelenggara negara. Bunyinya begitu, semangat daripada penyelenggara negara. lni masih berlaku sebetulnya, kita melangkah bersama.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oleh karena itu, saya senang Bapak berkenan hadir semuanya hari ini. Dalam kapasitas saya sebagai kepala pemerintahan dan kepala Negara, saya ingin menjelaskan secara singkat <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">what’s going on </em>di negara kita ini sebagai, sekali lagi, aliran dinamika global, dan langkah-langkah ke depan seperti apa yang mesti kita tempuh, konstruksi penyelesaian masalah seperti apa, karena dalam situasi seperti ini, bisa jadi nanti ada isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan sistem, tatanan, dalam utamanya segi-segi pengambilan keputusan dan tindakan yang mesti dilakukan dengan cepat.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ketika saya menerima Mahkamah Konstitusi beberapa hari yang lalu, lengkap dengan hakim Mahkamah Konstitusinya, saya juga sampaikan, bisa jadi nanti ada yang me <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">review, </em>men-<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">challenge, </em>karena undang-undang tidak mengatur ada tindakan-tindakan yang kita ambil untuk menyelamatkan negara, dipermasalahkan. Nah, dalam keadaan seperti itu, tanpa saya mengintervensi kewenangan dari Mahkamah Konstitusi, patut kita berkomunikasi, misalnya Mahkamah Konstitusi menanyakan apa latar belakangnya dan pikiran-pikiran ketika sebuah keputusan diambil.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dalam konteks itulah, saya ke hadapan para pimpinan lembaga negara yang hadir, terutama yang tidak di bawah koordinasi saya, Pak Anwar Nasution, Pak Antasari, kita bisa menyatukan penglihatan dan persepsi. Dengan demikian upaya kita untuk memetik pelajaran masa lalu dan sekarang, kita harus lebih melihat ke depan, itu betul-betul bisa terwujud dengan baik.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bu Ani terpaksa kita panggil kembali. Beliau yang minta dipanggil. Mestinya masih ada urusan di Amerika, tapi dalam keadaan begini, tidak tega kalau beliau meninggalkan saya. Jadi sampai di Dubai langsung balik kanan. Bagus itu. Itu namanya <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">crisis action leader, </em>dan kita insya Allah semua ada di situ.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saya minta kesabaran. Saya akan ceritakan 10-15 menit hal-hal yang pokok dari pertemuan kami kemarin tanggal 6. Jadi saya undang, di samping jajaran kabinet utuh, BUMN yang berskala besar, LPND, lantas KADIN, <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">private sectors </em>yang besar-besar, ekonom, pengamat, dan juga pimpinan media massa. Jadi konsep kita itu <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indonesia incorporated.</em></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dari itu semua, hanya dua yang ingin saya sampaikan, Bapak/lbu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang pertama, mungkin sudah mendengar, saya itu punya keyakinan penuh bahwa <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">todays situation is much different </em>dengan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the situation in 1998. </em>Tidak sama. Tidak berarti kita lalai, tidak waspada, <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">underestimate </em>tetapi sesungguhnya jauh berbeda.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oleh karena itu, tidak ada alasan untuk kita panik, kemudian kita tidak bisa berpikir jernih, <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">over react, </em>dan akhirnya salah. lni yang ingin saya sampaikan. Oleh karena itu, waktu itu direktif saya, saya beri judul: “Untuk memelihara momentum pertumbuhan sekarang ini, sambil menyelamatkan perekonomian kita dari krisis keuangan global.” Coba masuk ke slide nomor 6.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">lni Pak Anwar pasti lebih menguasai sebagai Ekonom Senior, saya Ekonom Yunior, langsung praktik lagi.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Baik, yang pertama, dulu 1997-1998, mengapa kita begitu dalam kejatuhan kita, ada masalah fundamental kita, ada market panic, ada <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">vulnerabilities, legal framework, </em>aturan yang tumpang tindih dan sebagainya. Tiga-tiganya itu ada. Mengapa krisis di Indonesia sungguh <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">severe </em>waktu itu, ada <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">misgovernance.</em>Karena itulah Bapak-bapak harus bekerja siang dan malam untuk itu. Ada<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">corruption </em>yang meluas, mendalam.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oleh karena itulah Pak Antasari bekerja siang malam sekarang. Ada krisis politik sebetulnya saat-saat akhir Pak Harto, terus akhirnya terjadi peristiwa Mei itu, dan seterusnya.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lantas jangan diabaikan ada <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">insecurity of the ethnic Chinese, capital out flow,</em>mereka hijrah luar biasa dulu, karena peristiwa Mei. Minyak pun jatuh harganya di bawah 20 dolar per barrel. Kemudian terjadi El Nino, kekeringan panjang, susah. Nah, ditambah lagi <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">the breakdown in public order </em>dan terjadinya<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">communal conflicts </em>di Sampit, di Maluku, Maluku Utara, Poso, dan sebagainya. Ini potret dulu, pantas kalau krisis kita sungguh buruk.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Secara ekonomi, mengapa juga buruk? <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Demand drop </em>luar biasa, <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">private investment </em>mengalami penurunan yang drastis, <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">public investment expenditure</em>mengalami pengurangan yang signifikan. <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Output, </em>bayangkan, dari 7% sebelumnya, minus 12-13%, <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">income per capita </em>dari 1.100 USD drop 400 USD saja. Belum <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">real income </em>pada tingkat <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">grassroots.</em></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, budget defisit kalau sekarang meskipun tantangannya sangat berat untuk APBN kita, tapi kita belum bicara di atas 2%. Dulu 8, 5%, itu pun bukan untuk ekspansi fiskal sebagaimana remedy, resep yang dianjurkan Keynes menghadapi krisis. Itu habis untuk <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">food, </em>untuk <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">other subsidies for the poor, </em>yang kira-kira berkaitan dengan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">social safety net </em>yang memang itu juga needed.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, ini disampaikan di tahun 1999 waktu itu, bukan sekarang. Dia, para pakar itu mengatakan, Indonesia itu bagaimana, kira-kira cepat nggak recover-nya itu. Jawabannya ya tergantung, apakah cepat anda memulihkan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">private demand,</em>apakah cepat anda memulihkan kepercayaan. Bagaimana anda menyelesaikan masalah <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">broken banking system, </em>dan kemudian bagaimana anda mengatasi hutang, <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">debt resolution </em>yang ratusan triliun jumlahnya waktu itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saudara-saudara, mengapa lima butir ini saya angkat, untuk saya mengajak Saudara-saudara sebagai penyelenggara negara yang lain untuk ikut menenangkan keadaan, dan tidak perlu kita lebih panik dibandingkan orang lain yang mestinya lebih tidak memahami hal-hal yang fundamental seperti ini.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, dari situ, saya langsung saja masuk kepada apa yang saya harapkan bagi kita semua yang kemarin hadir, untuk diketahui oleh Bapak/lbu sekalian, sehingga nanti ketika ada isu yang berkaitan dengan hal-hal tertentu, dapat memahami konteksnya, memahami latar belakangnya.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Masuk saja langsung <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">slide </em>nomor 26. Ini capaian-capaian ekonomi selama 4 tahun, meskipun masih banyak PR, tapi ada achievement yang tidak boleh kita sia-siakan momentumnya, tapi saya <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bypass </em>saja.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Baik, jadi yang pertama, Pak Anwar dan teman-teman yang lain, ini yang paling mendasar. Kita harus tetap optimis, bersatu dan bersinergi untuk memelihara momentum pertumbuhan, mengelola dan mengatasi dampak krisis keuangan Amerika Serikat. Situasi sekarang jauh berbeda dengan situasi 1998 dan seterusnya dan seterusnya. Dan lihat, mari kita jaga kepercayaan masyarakat.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini Amerika yang mbahnya capitalism, mbahnya ekonomi pasar, mbahnya orang yang bisa mengelola finansial dan seterusnya, mengapa lebih buruk, karena ternyata confidence mereka juga drop. <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Trust </em>di antara lembaga-lembaga keuangan mereka juga rendah sekarang ini.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi bukan hanya Indonesia yang sering panik, sering tidak percaya diri. Negara maju pun yang selama ini mengajari kita, guru kita, juga mengalami masalah yang luar biasa. Itu direktif saya yang pertama kemarin.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang kedua, ini memang PR yang saya berikan, tugas yang saya berikan, bahwa meskipun keadaan sulit, tapi bagaimana pun kita harus berusaha sangat keras, berusaha maksimal untuk mempertahankan pertumbuhan ekonomi 6%. Ini<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">achievable. </em>Manakala skenarionya lebih buruk dari pada yang kita pikirkan, yang terjadi sekarang ini ya explainable mengapa tidak sampai 6%. Tetapi sekuat tenaga harus kita jaga.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kita tahu komponen <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">growth </em>itu dari segi <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">demand, demand side, consumption, government expenditure, investment, </em>dan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">net export </em>dan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">import. </em>Yang saya minta kemarin kepada seluruh pihak termasuk private sectors untuk menjaganya bersama-sama.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, yang poin ketiga, mari kita manfaatkan perekonomian domestik. Ini banyak orang yang tidak tahu bahwa <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">exposure capital market </em>kita ini sebagai sumber pembiayaan, tidak sama dengan negara-negara maju yang sangat mempengaruhi. Kita tidak sebesar mereka. Lantas komponen ekspor kita terhadap <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">growth </em>itu juga tidak sama dengan negara-negara yang ekonominya <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">export oriented economy.</em></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi sebetulnya kita punya capital, punya <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">resources, </em>punya budget, punya sumber-sumber ekonomi lokal yang tidak harus ikut ikut terjatuh dalam suasana seperti ini, dari Wall Street ini. Kita masih ingat sabuk pengaman perekonomian kita 1998 dulu kan UKM, Koperasi, sektor informal, malah itu yang tenang dulu. Yang berjatuhan yang ekonomi formal, perusahaan-perusahaan, konglomerat, dan sebagainya. Jadi saya punya keyakinan ini pun sebetulnya harus kita daya gunakan dengan baik.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nomor tiga, nah, ini budget. Budget ini memang kita memilih solusi fiskal bukan berarti solusi moneter tidak penting, tetapi dua-duanya mixed, dan yang lebih cepat, yang lebih direct itu biasanya solusi fiskal untuk pertumbuhan dan untuk social safety net. <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Exercise </em>yang dilaksanakan Departemen Keuangan, Bapak-bapak, insya Allah tidak akan terganggu. Alokasi biaya untuk pembangunan infrastruktur dan stimulasi pertumbuhan lainnya agar <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">growth </em>dan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">employment creation </em>itu kita jaga.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dan juga insya Allah tidak akan berkurang alokasi untuk penanggulangan kemiskinan atau <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">social safety net, </em>karena kita harus berempati pada mereka. Program-program tiga <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cluster </em>yang lainnya akan kita jaga dalam komponen pengeluaran pemerintah dalam budget kita.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, yang mesti kita perhatikan masalah defisit. Defisit ini, Bu Ani sedang melaksanakan exercise, kalau harga minyak sekarang asumsi 95 dolar, berapa. Tapi saya sudah minta tolong di-<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">exercise </em>kalau harga minyak 80 dolar. Sekarang, hari ini, minggu ini, ICP sudah 80 dolar. Jadi kalau 2009 bertahan harga seperti ini, berarti mestinya asumsi harga minyak dalam APBN 2009 ya 80 dolar. Mestinya begitu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, defisit ini, kalau itu terjadi, tidak akan lebih dari 2%, meskipun saya harap juga jangan terlalu kecil supaya ada ekspansi. Asalkan begini, dapat dibiayai, ditutup. Saudara tahu, tidak terlalu mudah sekarang mendapatkan sumber-sumber pembiayaan dalam situasi keuangan global seperti ini, tetapi <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">however, my mission </em>kepada Bu Ani dan semua teman-teman Menteri, bahwa sasaran kembar dual atau <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">twin objective growth with equity </em>ini harus tetap kita pertahankan. Itu yang nomor tiga.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Namun demikian, ini juga BPKP mesti melihat juga nanti tetap dilakukan BPK, saya mohonkan Pak Anwar juga melihat, saya menyerukan kepada seluruh jajaran pemerintahan, termasuk daerah, agar efisiensi dilakukan. Pembatasan terhadap pembelanjaan yang konsumtif yang dapat ditunda, ya tidak realistik kalau masih tetap dipertahankan dalam keadaan seperti ini. APBD ini kita harus keras Bu Ani, keras dalam arti mendisiplinkan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jangan sampai yang kurang tidur Jakarta, nanti daerah-daerah <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">business as usual</em>, masih studi banding ke Hong Kong, gubernurnya masih liburan di Macau misalnya, wah ini kiamat negara kita. Mata saya sudah bengkak, Pak Antasari, ini akibat kurang tidur, mereka masih jalan-jalan gitu kan celaka nanti.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oke, yang keempat, dunia usaha. Ini yang penting. Ini ya biasa, saya ini karena sering ketemu teman-teman <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">businessman</em>, ada yang sangat kooperatif, ada yang sangat <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sharing </em>dengan kita perasaannya, tapi ada juga 1-2 yang dalam keadaan seperti ini, apa yang bisa dilakukan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Penyakit ini masih ada, terus terang ya, terus terang masih ada. Oleh karena itu, saya memberikan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">moral appeal, </em>ayolah, masa kita ulangi lagi rakyat kita harus menderita lagi gara-gara kita yang tidak “<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">entos” </em>gitu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi sektor riil ini maksud saya tetap bergerak. Bapak, jangan sampai ada PHK-PHK yang tidak perlu, bisa saja ekspansi berkurang. Ya memang mesti ada yang mengoreksi lagi dia. Kalau sektor riil tetap kita jaga <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">to a certain degree </em>maka pajak dan penerimaan negara tetap terjaga, dan unemployment harapan kita tidak meledak.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, untuk ini tentu ada kewajiban Bank Indonesia dengan jajaran perbankan, bagaimana urusan kredit, urusan likuiditas ini tetap dipelihara. Kewajiban pemerintah dan kita sudah, sedang, akan mengolah suatu <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">policy, regulation, climate,</em>dan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">incentive </em>agar sektor riil ini tetap bergerak.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dan kewajiban swasta, nah ini saya juga melihat ini baru tiga hari ada teman-teman bisnis yang paniknya luar biasa. SMS berapa kali masuk ke tempat saya ini. Wah, ini kok nggak bagus ini, meskipun yang lain kalem, tenang. Harus lebih<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">resilient </em>dan harus tetap mempertahankan kinerjanya, tetap mencari peluang dan<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">share the hardship.</em></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ya tidak realistik dalam keadaan seperti ini nggak terganggu sama sekali dia punya pundi-pundi. Mesti ada gangguan, <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wong </em>ini sangat bisa dijelaskan kok, dan makin tua kita, Pak Sofyan Djalil, saya itu makin tajam, 1-2 teman dunia usaha yang cara berpikirnya tidak sama, ada juga itu, oleh karena itu ya harus kita hentikan. Nggak boleh itu. ltu masalah sektor riil.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang kelima. Nah, ini untuk diketahui bahwa dunia uneven sekarang ini. Asia is in a better shape, in a better position dibandingkan Amerika dan Eropa, karena jaringan finansial mereka <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">interconnected, </em>sehingga berat. Tadi saya baru telepon Perdana Menteri Australia Rudd, meskipun urusannya lebih banyak bilateral, tapi kita juga membahas ini. Saya katakan begini Pak, ini sedikit keluar, ini kan Australia itu kan sekutunya Amerika.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saya bilang dalam keadaan seperti ini Amerika dan negara-negara maju harus lebih bertanggung jawab, lebih berbuat, do more, karena dia punya kapasitas. Kalau tidak, bagaimana kami yang negara berkembang ini yang tidak punya kemampuan seperti mereka. Jadi karena ini semua dipengaruhi oleh mereka, ya malah si Kevin Rudd, “Wah, setuju sekali, kalau perlu dipanggil saja itu..”, siapa Din, tadi Din? diundang Duta Besar Amerika di sini, sampaikan itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Memang betul, ini kan kita kena getahnya. Betul ini, kena getahnya. Nah, oleh karena itu Asia <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">somewhat </em>menurut saya <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">safer. </em>Lebih aman. Itulah kemarin, Menteri-menteri kami, Bapak, seperti Menteri Perdagangan, yang lain-lain, saya minta untuk cerdas memelihara komunikasi ini dengan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, dengan tempat-tempat lain supaya kita bisa terus memelihara hubungan itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saya juga titip pada orang-orang tertentu yang sedang ada di luar negeri, informal track. Coba, apa yang bisa dikerjasamakan untuk misalkan dari Timur Tengah, Petro Dolar mereka tentu tidak menabrak undang-undang. Dan ini Bu Ani dalam kapasitas sebagai Menko Perekonomian tolong produk kita harus lebih kompetitif, ekspor kita. Jangan sudah begini ada hambatan-hambatan birokrasi kita, hambatan-hambatan yang lainnya bersaing pun kalah, bagaimana mau bersaing sama dumping dari China, yang lain-lain nanti akan ke mana-mana. Ini kita dorong.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang keenam, Bapak, ya ini sudah sejak zaman Pak Harto ini kampanye produk dalam negeri. Kalau nggak salah Pak Ginanjar itu pernah menjadi Menteri urusan begini dulu, pernah kan? Ya seperti ini, yang tidak terlalu sukses itu dulu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, sekarang poinnya begini Pak, kalau ini kita gebrak betul produk dalam negeri, akan bagus neraca pembayaran kita, karena sekarang tertekan. Yang berat ini sekarang masalah <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">balance of payment </em>kita. Jadi kalau ini kita perbaiki, insya Allah bagus sehingga tidak mengganggu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pasar domestik kita ini makin kuat Pak, makin tumbuh. Jadi Bapak, dengan abdi negara kita naikkan gajinya, dengan bantuan subsidi petani, nelayan, itu dia punya uang untuk membeli. Ini penyakit Pak, ini nomor tiga ini misi penegak hukum. Banyak masih ada saya rasakan departemen-departemen/kementerian yang lebih suka membeli dari luar negeri karena <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fee, </em>karena komisi, karena yang aneh-aneh gitu, padahal bisa dibikin di dalam negeri.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oleh karena itu <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">incentive and disincentive system </em>harus kita kenakan. Dan saya sudah minta ada Perpres saya yang mengatur, melarang lah ibaratnya, membeli barang-barang yang kita sendiri bisa di sini bagus, sehingga hidup kita punya pasar.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini bidang garapnya BPKP, tentu BPK yang lebih luas, lebih atas, KPK, Kejaksaan, Kepolisian, ini masalah <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">procurement. </em>Ini yang saya belum puas sebetulnya selama 4 tahun ini. Masih ada budaya <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fee </em>yang tidak masuk akal. Saya mengerti dalam negosiasi ada <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fee </em>lah gitu, tetapi ketika fee itu tidak dalam konsep fee kan itu masuk penyimpangan itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Terus cegah <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dumping </em>barang luar negeri yang tidak tembus ke pasar Amerika Serikat belok ke pasar <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">emerging market, </em>ini sudah kita ketahui.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang ketujuh, ini adalah sinergi atau kemitraan. Pemerintah, Bank Indonesia dengan jajaran perbankan, swasta, dunia usaha. Saya <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">worry </em>kalau ada <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mistrust </em>, ada <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">prejudice </em>di antara pemerintah, BI, dunia usaha, timbal balik. Harus ada <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">trust</em>dan bebaskan dari <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">prejudice. </em>Saya mengatakan kemarin dalam pertemuan, semua itu penting, swasta penting, pemerintah penting, Bank Indonesia penting, perbankan penting.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kalau ada masalah, harapan saya di antara tripartite ini, troika ini, pemerintah, dunia usaha, dengan masyarakat, ataupun BI di situ ya pecahkan dengan baik lah. Ini Bapak lihat pada tahun 1998 tidak ada saling kepercayaan, tidak ada kebersamaan, strateginya SDM, Selamatkan Diri Masing-masing, sikap mental “Perusahaan boleh bangkrut, tetapi saya nggak boleh bangkrut”, kan ada dulu perusahaannya bangkrut dia hidup tenang di Hongkong, di Shenzhen, di Guang Zou, dan sebagainya.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dulu ada BPPN macam-macam sambil mengurusi terlalu banyak rezekinya. Itu nggak boleh. Jangan terjadi lagi lah, ini sudah lewat, sudah nggak boleh terjadi ke depan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang kedelapan, ini urusan kebanyakan di tempat kami ini Pak, ini ego sektoral dan, ya ego sektoral lah. Masing-masing hanya melihat kepentingannya. Kalau ini yang terjadi ya merusak kepercayaan itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Terus yang kesembilan, ini tahun politik Pak, tahun Pemilu, tetapi saya berharap kita ini harus non partisan ya. Kalau sudah begini jangan untuk kepentingan partailah, jangan untuk kepentingan 2009, tapi untuk kepentingan selamatnya negara kita gitu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang kesepuluh, ini masalah komunikasi dengan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">public. Statement </em>yang terukur, yang diperlukan, dan sebagainya. Selesai.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dari 10 direktif ini Bapak, yang saya ingin sampaikan nanti dalam kesempatan ini, bisa jadi karena ada tindakan yang harus diambil secara cepat, dan undang-undangnya mungkin belum tersedia, mekanismenya kan kalau itu mesti Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-undang. Tapi harus ada alasan apakah sungguh termasuk kegentingan yang memaksa.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, kalau di tingkat bawah misalkan BUMN ada RUPS, untuk mengambil keputusan tertentu, tapi kalau harus 30 hari menunggunya misalnya, itu bisa panjang. Mungkin ada solusi <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">instead of </em>30 hari, berapa hari, itu juga mungkin harus dilaksanakan untuk menyelamatkan. Nah, perkara-perkara inilah yang saya minta ada komunikasi, ada konsultasi di antara kita, dengan demikian tidak ada sesuatu yang tidak perlu terjadi.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saya kira Pak Anwar, Pak Antasari, semua sepakat, saya pernah marah begini Pak, di Aceh itu, Tsunami itu, kan banyak barang-barang berhenti di pelabuhan Belawan. <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Those items were needed </em>untuk segera di-<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">deliver, </em>dibagi-bagi.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tetapi dengan alasan karena “aturannya belum ada” maka berhenti di situ. Kalau saya itu bukan orang yang, “wah, ini orang disiplin, yang bagus, yang karena nggak ada peraturannya ya nggak dikeluarkan”. Kalau menurut saya malah yang begini ini kalau perlu dihukum itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saya malah salut ada Bupati, ada Gubernur, nggak ada peraturannya, tapi wong ini mau mati orang ini kok, butuh alat kesehatan, butuh ini, keluarkan dulu. Nanti saya laporkan ke Menteri atau ke Presiden, atau saya beritahu nanti penegak hukum kasusnya begini. Asalkan tidak masuk kantong sendiri.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Itu yang saya maksudkan bahwa <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">in time of crisis, there must be an action, decision that must be taken quickly, </em>yang barang kali mungkin belum ada aturannya. Nah, saya dalam hal ini menganjurkan nanti kepada jajaran kami untuk <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">communicate-</em>lah dengan Bapak sekalian, sehingga tidak masuk angin dan kemudian ke sana-ke mari.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Itu menurut saya yang bisa terjadi. Bisa juga tidak Bapak/Ibu. Tapi kalau ada satu, dua, saya sudah minta jajaran pemerintah, beritahu ya, penegak hukum, ini ada masalah ini dan supaya nanti tidak ditangkap wartawan terus ke sana-ke mari.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kadang-kadang maksud kita baik, tapi wartawan kan kreatif itu, wah, padahal bukan itu, hanya untuk selesai ini, ada yang <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">responsive </em>sana, terus menggelinding kesana-kemari gitu. Ya memang harus kita hadapi dulu yang penting diantara kita mengerti ada niat-niat yang baik.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Itu yang ingin saya sampaikan. Saya ingin mendengar langsung sekarang dari Pak Anwar Nasution, dan kemudian Pak Antasari dulu, kemudian baru nanti Jaksa Agung, Kapolri, dan Kepala BPKP, bagaimana kita melihat permasalahan ini dengan memahami apa yang tadi saya sampaikan. Silakan Pak Anwar.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ketua Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bapak Presiden dan Bapak-bapak serta Ibu yang saya hormati. Saya mengucapkan terima kasih pada undangan ini. Sebetulnya saya simpati dan cemburu pada Bapak itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Presiden Republik Indonesia</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kok bisa?</em></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ketua Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Karena Bapak ini mendapatkan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">you got your reward, </em>Pak. Mulai dari Tsunami sekarang <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">subprime crisis </em>itu, dan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">you handled it well, </em>menunjukan bahwa <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">you are a good general, </em>yang tidak banyak orang dapat tuh. Ini saya kira tantangan yang sangat baik. Jadi terus terang Pak saya simpati dan cemburu pada Bapak itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang kedua, saya setuju dengan kebersamaan yang tadi Bapak katakan itu pernah kita baca di surat kabar pada waktu Bernanke sama si Paulson ketemu sama Pelosi. Apa yang dilakukan oleh mereka itu minta kebersamaan. Nah si Paulson berlutut menyembah Pelosi.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pelosi <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">joke </em>dia wah saya pikir kau bukan Katolik, memang kau bukan Katolik kau nyembah, berlutut kayak Katolik gitu. Lha yang kedua si Bernanke bilang, dia katakan kalau kita tidak ambil keputusan, ini sudah hari Kamis, minggu depan pada hari Senin tidak ada lagi ekonomi kita.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah di situ kita lihat. Pelosi ini adalah Demokrat. Nah jadi dengan cepat mereka mengambil kebersamaan untuk mengatasi persoalan itu. Nah saya sependapat sekali dengan Bapak itu dan saya kira <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">you handled it well, </em>Pak Presiden. Nah dalam kaitan ini memang saya terus terang berkali-kali saya katakan kepada Bapak ya memang saya di-<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">trained </em>dan pengalaman saya bidang ekonomi.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dalam kesempatan ini, saya minta izin pada Bapak nanti Pak Boediono dia sudah beberapa kali bilang kita ketemu secara pribadi nanti. Pak Boediono dengan Bu Sri Mulyani barangkali mereka perlukan apa dari saya. Saya akan bantu nah ini sudah di luar BPK ini.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengenai BPK, itu permintaan Bapak itu saya kira pas sekali. Nah tadi pagi datang pada saya Luhut Panjaitan, Fachrurozy sama satu lagi partnership mereka membicarakan mengenai dia punya persoalan dengan PLN. Harga batubara sudah naik tapi per KWH itu belum bisa dinaikkan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saya bilang, ”Luhut Panjaitan, itu bukan urusan BPK itu, itu urusan PLN dan urusan Pak Menteri ESDM. BPK itu <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ndak </em>boleh bijak. BPK itu harus berpegang pada aturan itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, kalau you mau minta ekskalasi harga you talk to Pak Purnomo. <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">You talk to</em>PLN ya. Nah jelas bahwa BPK akan mengerti itu jangan lawan sekali-kali mekanisme pasar, salah kalau suruh lawan itu. Itu hukum alam itu. Tapi kembali untuk mengubah harga itu bukan kewenangan kita itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Itu kewenangan Pak Purnomo. Pemerintah yang punya kewenangan itu. Nah, jadi ini yang akan kami pegang Pak. Jadi kembali kalau ada nanti perubahan-perubahan, BPK bukan pengambil kebijakan. Kami akan tetap berpegang pada aturan main yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah dan DPR.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah kalau arah perubahan yang diperlukan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">is not our business </em>untuk melakukan perubahan itu. Jadi saya kira ini yang dapat saya sampaikan Pak. Maaf, tadi saya juga sudah memperkirakan barangkali apa yang bisa saya sumbangkan pada krisis sekarang ini. Ini saya susun dalam 1 jam tentunya barangkali ada manfaatnya, barangkali tidak.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tadi saya katakan pada Pak Rusdi, beliau katakan bahwa Bapak kerja tiap malam sampai jam 12. Saya katakan pada beliau itu seharusnya Bapak Presiden yang menyuruh Ibu Sri Mulyani dan Pak Hatta Rajasa, Sudi Silalahi yang kerja 24 jam sehari.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bapak Presiden itu seharusnya main golf dengan Ketua BPK supaya kelihatan pada masyarakat bahwa <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">everything is under control. </em>Jadi saya kira itu ya Pak yang bisa saya sampaikan. Terima kasih Pak.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Presiden Republik Indonesia</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Terima kasih Pak Anwar Nasution. Terima kasih. Tadi malam saya ini merancang nonton film Laskar Pelangi Pak. Bagus. Anak-anak Bangka Belitung, bagus, cantik sekali, sama anak-anak jalanan 100 orang, wartawan. Sudah mau berangkat Andi bilang saya, ini ada 1, 2 SMS masuk dari wartawan. Apakah Presiden tidak membatalkan saja acara ini <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wong </em>ekonomi begini kok nonton film.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saya bilang sama Andi, sama Dino kalau saya membatalkan dikiranya kiamat Indonesia, dikiranya saya panik dan apa kata orang nanti. Ini anak-anak sudah nunggu di situ. Yang dari Bangka Belitung naik jalan laut, terbang sampai di situ. Saya ingin mengapresiasi karya seni, kreatif ekonomi dalam negeri, pendidikan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Akhirnya saya tetap datang Pak sampai jam 10. Tapi saya jelaskan konteksnya dan tadi malam akhirnya teman-teman seni budayawan merasa ada empati kita dan anak-anak kita juga merasa kita datang gitu. Jadi saya sudah menjalankan nasehat Bapak untuk tadi malam.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika saya tidak datang tadi malam pak, yang jadi berita malah itu, batal, berarti SBY sudah panik dan hari ini malah jatuh semua itu begitu. Thanks Pak. Saya baca nanti. Pak Antasari saya persilakan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ketua Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullaahi wabarakatuh.</em></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bapak Presiden yang kami hormati, Ibu Bapak para menteri, Pak Kapolri dan Jaksa Agung serta Ketua BPKP. Ada tiga hal Bapak Presiden yang ingin saya sampaikan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pertama, sebelum itu adalah kami terus terang secara pribadi maupun sebagai pimpinan KPK memberikan apresiasi sangat tinggi. Ternyata sudah begitu, kami lihat paparan tadi, ternyata kelihatannya kita sudah begitu siap menghadapi ke depan. Untuk itu sebagai sumbangan pemikiran kami, Presiden sebagai Kepala Negara dan kami sebagai bagian dari negara ini. Kita ingin Negara berkembang dengan baik.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang pertama, adalah pengalaman kami sebagai penegak hukum melihat hal-hal yang seperti ini apakah itu terjadi di Negara kita, sebenarnya adalah kesalahan itu bukan pada tataran kebijakan, kebijakan yang kita keluarkan. Namun sebagian besar adalah adanya oknum yang memanfaatkan kesempatan atas kebijakan yang kita keluarkan. Ini konsentrasi kami pada kondisi ini, Bapak Presiden.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi dengan demikian, Bapak Presiden telah memberikan kebijakan benar dengan seluruh jajaran. Tugas kami adalah mengawasi oknum-oknum untuk tidak menyalahgunakan seperti itu. Yang lalu itu. yang sebenarnya terjadi. Bukan kita melakukan penyidikan penuntutan terhadap kebijakan, tetapi oknum yang menyalahi kebijakan itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang kedua, Bapak Presiden, lagi-lagi kami memberikan penghargaan apa yang disampaikan Bapak Presiden tadi bahwa berterima kasih kepada seorang Bupati, apabila melakukan sesuatu kepentingan rakyat. Itulah yang setiap kali kami memberikan sosialisasi kepada jajaran departemen maupun mahasiswa dan pemerintah daerah, selalu kami sampaikan ada sesuatu yurisprudensi. Jadi apa yang disampaikan Bapak Presiden tadi berdasarkan hukumnya Pak.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ada yurisprudensi yang mengatakan bahwa hilanglah sifat melawan hukum jika kepentingan umum terlayani. Pada suatu kesempatan di Pemerintah Daerah saya sampaikan apabila seorang wali kota perlu, contoh seperti Bapak Presiden, perlu ada APBD untuk 10 mobil operasional, 1 miliar, tetapi belum dilaksanakan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tetapi di saat yang bersamaan ada bencana, rakyat tidak pakai baju, banjir dan lain-lain, saya katakan saya akan memberikan apresiasi kepada wali kota itu, jika sebagian dana pembelian mobil itu dialihkan untuk membantu masyarakat dulu setelah itu baru mekanisme kita atur dengan baik. Artinya apa, kepentingan umum terlayani sekalipun ada unsur melawan hukum. Tapi kemudian apabila kebijakan ini disimpangi oleh oknumnya ini yang kami akan lakukan penindakan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang ketiga, Bapak Presiden, adalah ke depan menyikapi hal ini pengalaman-pengalaman kita yang lalu adalah betul kita perlu sinergi Pak. Sinergi dan tentunya tetap pada tugas kewenangan dan profesi kita masing-masing. Sinergi itu seperti tadi kami sampaikan dan juga Ketua BPK tadi sampaikan. Suatu ketika ada rencana kebijakan yang akan diambil, apa salahnya kita bersama bicara dengan tugas masing-masing, ada rekomendasi pada kebijakan itu, tapi di perundang-undangannya tugas kami adalah mengawal, antisipasi apakah ada kalangan yang akan mengganggu, oknum tentang kebijakan itu, sehingga kepentingan kita ke depan lebih baik, dan kalaupun ada permasalahan sudah dapat kita <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">eliminir </em>di awal-awal.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Itu tiga hal Bapak Presiden yang dapat kami sampaikan. Sekali lagi kami berikan apresiasi dan penghargaan bahwa kami diikutsertakan dalam pertemuan ini, terima kasih. Paling tidak bahwa kita sama-sama memikirkan bagaimana negara kita ke depan. Memang kami independen, tapi kami juga adalah bagian dari negara ini. Jadi terima kasih sekali lagi Bapak Presiden. Terima kasih atas kesempatan ini untuk memberikan kontribusi pemikiran-pemikiran negara kita yang tercinta ini.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Wassalaamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.</em></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Presiden Republik Indonesia</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Salam. Terima kasih Pak Antasari dan saya berharap Bapak terus bisa mengkomunikasikan hal-hal seperti itu kepada para gubernur, bupati dan wali kota.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Saya ini kan harus ikut merasa bersalah Pak, berdosa kalau para gubernur, bupati, wali kota salah karena tidak tahu kalau itu salah. Tolong dikomunikasikan mana-mana yang proper, mana yang tidak. Mana yang boleh mana yang tidak boleh.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ya karena bagi saya pemberantasan korupsi itu yang paling penting pencegahan. Kalau sudah korupsi terjadi mungkin ruwet. Mungkin dulunya juga abu-abu, nggak jelas ini itu, dan belum tentu kembali aset atau uang itu. Tetapi kalau kita bisa mencegahnya itulah yang kita tuju.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Suatu saat barangkali KPK ini dalam pemikiran saya 20 tahun lagi, itu sudah seperti kalau di luar negeri seperti apa itu satu institusi yang misi besarnya to ensure bahwa sistem itu in place, bahwa tidak ada jalan untuk korupsi. Jadi bukan<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">law enforcement-</em>nya itu. <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Someday </em>ke situ. Karena saya punya keyakinan yang lebih penting itu mencegah korupsi. Tidak ada iklim, tidak ada jalan menuju ke situ. Terima kasih Pak Antasari. Jaksa Agung saya persilakan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jaksa Agung</strong>Terima kasih Bapak Presiden. Bapak Presiden yang saya hormati. Pak Ketua BPK, Bapak Menko Polhukam, para menteri, Pak Kapolri dan Ketua KPK, Ketua BPKP yang saya hormati.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Memperhatikan apa yang jadi direction Bapak Presiden, saya melihat sudah sangat komprehensif Pak, sangat, seluruhnya adalah untuk kepentingan rakyat. Jadi tidak ada kebijaksanaan dari Bapak Presiden yang sangat komprehensif itu memperhatikannya tidak ada yang bersifat melawan hukum. Atau di dalam ketentuan baik yang formal maupun yang material Pak. Yang formal itu, adalah sesuai dengan ketentuan Undang-Undang semuanya karena landasannya adalah Undang-Undang Dasar tidak ada yang bertentangan Pak.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kemudian juga tidak ada yang menyalahgunakan wewenang sarana dan prasarana yang ada di dalam jabatan itu, sebagaimana yang disampaikan tadi oleh Ketua KPK. Kemudian apabila di dalam kebijaksanaan itu menimbulkan kerugian negara atau juga menimbulkan gangguan terhadap perekonomian negara.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maka kebijaksanaan itu pun juga tidak bisa dipertanggungjawabkan secara pidana, karena kebijaksanaan itu sendiri adalah semua sudah berlandaskan kepada ketentuan-ketentuan yang ada tadi sebagaimana yang disampaikan oleh Ketua KPK yang perlu dicegah adalah penyalahgunaan kebijaksanaan itu. Itu yang harus dicegah sebagaimana tadi Bapak sampaikan ada yang sambil ngurusi cari rezeki itu Pak.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini yang menjadi masalah bagi kita itu Pak, karena kadang-kadang orang Indonesia itu pintar mencari peluang-peluang itu. Ada spekulan-spekulan yang memanfaatkan situasi yang ada, itu kemudian ada cara-cara menggoreng saham yang menimbulkan kerugian di dalam perekonomian negara. Kalau Undang-Undang Korupsi itu bukan hanya kerugian negara yang timbul yang bisa dihitung oleh BPK maupun BPKP, tetapi juga perekonomian Negara ini.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah dalam praktik peradilan itu kalau keuangan negara dihitung oleh BPK maupun BPKP, kalau perekonomian negara sampai hari ini itu, pengadilan itu belum memutuskan apabila terjadi suatu kegoncangan perekonomian negara. Apa yang dimaksud dengan perekonomian negara.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dulu ada Pak Undang-Undang subversi itu, yang mengganggu perekonomian negara dan distribusi, tetapi itu sudah dihilangkan. Dan di dalam Undang-Undang Korupsi ini pasal 2 dan pasal 3 itu menyebutkan perekonomian negara, tetapi dalam praktik peradilannya tidak pernah terjadi mengenai pembuktian perekonomian Negara itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah, kalau kita melihat memang di dalam Undang-Undang Korupsi pasal 2 dan pasal 3 itu seperti Undang-undang karet Pak, bisa ditarik-ulur ke mana-mana. Jadi sejauh bisa menimbulkan kerugian negara dan perekonomian negara dan itu merupakan suatu perbuatan melawan hukum atau menyalahgunakan sarana dan prasarana, itu sudah masuk di dalam tindak pidana korupsi.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi apa yang tadi Bapak sampaikan semua kebijaksanaan Bapak tadi adalah semuanya adalah untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat. Sebagaimana saya membaca di surat kabar, untuk pembelian buy back saham itu semua adalah kebijaksanaan yang menguntungkan masyarakat, membawa kesejahteraan masyarakat, seandainya terjadi kerugian, itu tidak bisa dijadikan suatu perbuatan pidana di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 2 dan 3 Undang-Undang 31/1999.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada prinsipnya Pak, saya karena saya dengan Pak Antasari itu kan pekarangannya sama Pak, jadi pendapat anunya itu hampir bersamaan. Terima kasih Bapak Presiden.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Presiden Republik Indonesia</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Terima kasih Bapak. Sebelum Kapolri, begini, ada ilustrasi lagi Pak ini. Ada seorang sakit, tahun 65, tahun 70 lah gitu, sudah sampai di sini, terus diperiksa oleh dokter harus diamputasi, supaya selamat. Setelah itu diamputasi. Nah, tahun 1995, 30 tahun kemudian, dengan pengacaranya, bukan maunya dia, diadukan karena kenapa harus dipotong, ternyata tidak harus dipotong, karena menurut teori itu begini, begini, begitu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah teori itu kebetulan berkembang di tahun 1995, maka yang tidak logis apakah iya tahun 65 dipersalahkan karena memotong tangan yang menurut aturan waktu itu iya itu yang terbaik untuk keselamatan. Lha kalau sekarang berkembang kedokteran, kan itu sekarang tidak bisa begitu. Agak ekstrem analogi ini. Tetapi maksud saya, ketika harus melihat sesuatu dalam masa yang tidak mudah itu jangan dilihat ketika tenang-tenang saja, nggak ada apa-apa, seperti itu saya kira.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Menurut saya, ini bagian dari wisdom dalam arti yang positif, bukan supaya kita ini tidak, begini Pak, saya ini sebagai Bapak, sekarang SMS masuk tiap hari banyak Pak. Bapak belum tahu tiap hari itu saya menerima 500 SMS per day, rata-rata, bisa 700, bisa 300 sekian.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pernah saya baca satu per satu 459. Itu ada yang urusan korupsi harus habis-habisan, tapi ada kalau nanti nggak ada aturan, takut semua Pak, jadi lautan ketakutan nanti. Wah ini itu-ini itu, segala macam. Sebagai Bapak, kan saya harus memahami apa ini maksudnya.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tapi point-nya adalah harus rasional tetap adil, kemudian <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">common sense </em>dan sebagainya. Sebab kalau tidak, nanti itu tadi, kita malah terus tidak menghadirkan ketenteraman. Mendengar semua tadi, saya lebih senang, ternyata cara pandang kita sama. Dan seelok-eloknya pencegahan memang, kalau korupsi itu. Mungkin bisa saja ada orang baik-baik tiba-tiba keseleo, sudah 30 tahun baik-baik kok keseleo. Tapi kalau pencegahan itu berhasil, tidak akan banyak orang “kejeglong” seperti itu. Baik, selanjutnya Kapolri, silahkan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kepala Kepolisian Republik Indonesia</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Terima kasih Bapak Presiden. <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.</em>Yang kami hormati Bapak Menteri pada Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu, Pak Jaksa Agung, Bapak Ketua KPK, Bapak ketua BPK dan Bapak Ketua BPKP.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ada dua hal yang akan kami sampaikan pada Bapak Presiden berkaitan dengan direktif Bapak Presiden, besok pagi dalam rangka<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> “commander wish” </em>kami kepada seluruh Pati, kami akan juga sampaikan direktif Bapak Presiden kepada jajaran untuk menyikapi tindak lanjut sampai dengan di daerah, apa yang akan dikerjakan oleh para Kapolda. Dan nanti pada hari berikutnya sampai dengan tataran AKBP-AKBP kami kumpulkan, sehingga semua jajaran memiliki sense of crisis dengan apa yang dihadapi oleh bangsa dan Negara.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Menyikapi apa yang disampaikan oleh Bapak Presiden, kami ingin menyarankan di direktif yang kelima di sini tentunya dalam menyikapi untuk melakukan mencari peluang dalam perdagangan dan kerja sama ekonomi dan kemudian tentunya yang kedua di dalam direktif yang keenam tentang insentif dan disinsentif.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kemudian yang kaitannya dengan direktif yang keenam tadi untuk mencegah masuknya barang produk-produk dari luar ke Indonesia, tentunya nantinya ada kebijakan dari menteri terkait yang akan dikeluarkan. Yang mungkin Bapak akan sampaikan tadi secara normatif, ini tentunya masih melalui suatu proses kebijakan-kebijakan yang dalam bentuk sementara.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nah untuk itu kami menyarankan Bapak Presiden agar kami bisa mengawal kebijakan itu tentunya, yang pertama, agar kebijakan tadi juga tidak dibijaksanakan lagi oleh kepala-kepala daerah di daerah. Sehingga nanti tidak terjadi perbedaan persepsi. Dan kami berusaha karena sudah amanat dalam direktif ini harus saling sinergi antar semua aparat. Begitu kebijakan itu dikeluarkan, mohon oleh menteri terkait bisa didistribusikan kepada kami aparat penegak hukum.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sehingga bisa kami ke bawah bisa mensosialisasikan dan kemudian mengamankan apa yang menjadi kebijakan, sehingga kalau ada indikasi-indikasi yang berkait dengan peristiwa ini akan mengarah suatu pelanggaran hokum, kita sudah bisa mencoba meluruskan. Berkait dengan itu, ini saran dari kami Bapak Presiden, untuk bisa ditindaklanjuti oleh kami semua, sehingga nantinya tidak saling menyalahkan dan bahkan saling menuding bahwa adanya kebijakan ini tidak diamankan oleh aparat penegak hukum. Ini yang pertama Bapak Presiden.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang kedua, kami menyarankan untuk tentunya mewaspadai dengan harus kita berdayakan lembaga-lembaga yang sudah ada seperti lembaga penjamin simpanan yang sudah dibentuk berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2004 untuk tentunya menghindari ada kepanikan sehingga trust, sehingga tentu di sini bagaimana lembaga ini ikut berperan. Ini saran dari kami.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kedua, berkaitan dengan peran pengawas Bank Indonesia Pak, karena apapun kita menyadari bahwa dengan adanya peristiwa seperti ini tidak tertutup kemungkinan adanya pihak-pihak perbankan yang nakal memang, dia sudah dalam posisi yang sulit, dianggap ini kredit macet dan lain-lain, sehingga ini perlu adanya peran dari BI.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kami sudah ada MoU dengan Bapak Jaksa Agung untuk tentunya peran dari lembaga pengawas perbankan dari BI itu sendiri diperankan. Sehingga kami dari awal sudah bisa mengawal apa yang kira-kira ada indikasi bank-bank yang nakal, yang memang akan mencari kesempatan untuk memanfaatkan peluang ini.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kemudian yang ketiga, tentunya juga kami berharap peran dari Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal Bapak Presiden, dengan lembaga keuangan yang berasal Undang-Undang 8 Tahun 1985 tadi, untuk memberikan suatu kepastian hukum tentang processing apa yang berkaitan dengan pasar modal, dengan saham, sehingga jangan sampai ini juga dijadikan peluang. Sehingga dengan demikian kami aparat penegak hukum di awal sudah diberikan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">green light, </em>sehingga dari awal kita sudah bisa mengawal dan mengamankan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ini saran kami Bapak Presiden yang dapat kami laksanakan. Dan direktif Bapak Presiden besok sudah kami distribusikan, dan kami arahkan langsung dengan kami <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">break down </em>apa yang harus dilakukan oleh petugas-petugas di lapangan. Demikian Bapak Presiden. Terima kasih.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Presiden Republik Indonesia</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Terima kasih Kapolri. Terima kasih pula besok akan dijelaskan kepada perwira tinggi Kepolisian tentang situasi yang berkembang.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang pertama, itu penting para menteri, kecepatan menyampaikan kepada jajaran kepolisian tentang regulasi, tentang <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">policy. </em>Sering ada kasus di lapangan, polisi menjalankan tugas atas sesuatu yang barangkali bulan lalu ada perubahan, tidak disampaikan kepada kepolisian, bukunya masih<a class="rdb-footnoted" href="http://ads6.kompasads.com/new/www/delivery/ck.php?oaparams=2__bannerid=10555__zoneid=1473__cb=%7Brandom%7D__oadest=http://gramedia.com/" id="pilih" name="rdb-footnote-link-3" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"> buku </a>yang lalu, terus ada isu, menjadi masalah begitu. Saya kira sangat penting masalah penjaminan tadi LPS itu.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Memang ini kemarin juga ada pikiran-pikiran para dunia usaha untuk mendapatkan <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">blanket guarantee </em>seperti dulu. Tetapi semangat kita itu kan<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">moving away </em>dari <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">blanket guarantee </em>nanti <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">moral hazard-</em>nya akan tinggi sekali. Nah kalau sekarang dianggap kurang jumlahnya dibicarakan tetapi konsepnya bukan lagi konsep <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">blanket guarantee.</em></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kemudian yang ketiga, yang pasar modal Bu Ani. Yang pasar modal, tolong dengarkan, supaya nyambung nanti apa yang saya sampaikan. Yang disampaikan Kapolri itu juga betul, berkaitan masalah pengawasan ini jangan sampai menggunakan buku yang berbeda. Nanti ada saja satu, dua jadi berita yang tidak sinkron, bisa menambah paniknya pasar dan tambah paniknya nanti masyarakat.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">any single policies, single regulation, </em>tolong segera dikomunikasikan dengan yang lain. Jadi bukan hanya Kapolri karena saya sudah mengundang beliau-beliau, dan nice-lah kalau BPK, KPK semua juga mendapatkan. Terima kasih Kapolri. Kepala BPKP saya persilakan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kepala Badan Pengawasan dan Pemeriksa Keuangan</strong></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang terhormat Bapak Presiden, Bapak dan Ibu Menko, Ketua BPK, KPK, Jaksa Agung, Kapolri, Menteri BUMN, Mensesneg dan Seskab.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mengacu pada PP 60 yang kebetulan kami bagikan ini pak yang sudah ditandatangani resmi tanggal 28 Agustus, yaitu sistem pengendalian intra pemerintah. Maka BPKP auditor yang bertanggung jawab kepada Presiden di dalam mengawasi akuntabilitas pengawasan keuangan yang sifatnya financial maupun yang non financial.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kami anggap bahwa 10 direktif dan perintah kebijakan dari Bapak Presiden kalau kita melihat daripada Undang-Undang yang dikatakan Pak Jaksa Agung, baik Undang-Undang 45 pasal 4 Presiden sebagai pemegang kekuasaan pemegang Undang-Undang Dasar.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Demikian juga Undang-Undang 17 pasal 6 dan pasal 7, Presiden memegang kekuasaan pengelolaan keuangan Negara sebagai bagian kekuasaan pemerintah untuk mencapai tujuan bernegara dan juga Undang-Undang Nomor 1/2004 pasal 58 ayat 1, Presiden sebagai Kepala Pemerintahan mengatur dan menjalankan sistem pengendalian intern Pemerintah dalam rangka pengelolaan keuangan negara yang transparan.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Maka kalau kita mendalami apa yang dikatakan keuangan negara, objeknya adalah semua hak dan kewajiban warga Negara yang dapat dinilai dengan uang, di dalamnya masalah moneter, fiskal, keuangan negara yang dipisahkan dan segala sesuatu yang dapat dijadikan milik negara.</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.7em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Subjeknya adalah seluruh objek yang dimiliki, dikuasai pemerintah pusat, daerah, BUMN, BUMD dan badan lain yang terkait. Prosesnya dalam keuangan negara in</div></div></div></section></section>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-21082979877383011342012-08-15T11:21:00.001-07:002012-08-15T11:21:41.130-07:00euku Markam Sebagai Penyumbang Emas Terbesar Di Tugu Monas Jakarta<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Tokoh Aceh Teuku Markam Sebagai Penyumbang Emas Terbesar Di Tugu Monas Jakarta, Sejarahnya Yang Sangat Menyakitkan, Hingga Kini, Keluarga dan Keturunannya Keadaannya Sangat Menyedihkan, Di Lupakan Begitu Saja Oleh Pemerintah RI </span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Teuku Markam turunan uleebalang adalah penyumbang terbesar dari emas Monas, yakni sebesar 28 kg dari total berat keseluruhan emas tugu monas yaitu 38 kg. Teuku Markam pernah menjadi orang terkaya di Indonesia. Ia lahir tahun 1925. Ayahnya Teuku Marhaban. Kampungnya Seuneudon dan Alue Capli, Panton Labu Aceh Utara. Sejak kecil Teuku Markam sudah menjadi yatim piatu. Ketika usia 9 tahun, Teuku Marhaban ayahnya Teuku Markam meninggal dunia. Sedangkan ibunya telah lebih dulu meninggal. Teuku Markam kemudian diasuh kakaknya Cut Nyak Putroe. Sempat mengecap pendidikan sampai kelas 4 SR (Sekolah Rakyat).</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Adalah Gatot Soebroto pula yang mempercayakan Teuku Markam untuk bertemu dengan Presiden Soekarno. Waktu itu, Bung Karno memang menginginkan adanya pengusaha pribumi yang betul-betul mampu menghendel masalah perekonomian Indonesia. Tahun 1957, ketika Teuku Markam berpangkat kapten (NRP 12276), kembali ke Aceh dan mendirikan PT Karkam. Ia sempat bentrok dengan Teuku Hamzah (Panglima Kodam Iskandar Muda) karena "disiriki" oleh orang lain. Akibatnya Teuku Markam ditahan dan baru keluar tahun 1958. Pertentangan dengan Teuku Hamzah berhasil didamaikan oleh Sjamaun Gaharu.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Keluar dari tahanan, Teuku Markam kembali ke Jakarta dengan membawa PT Karkam. Perusahaan itu dipercaya oleh Pemerintah RI mengelola pampasan perang untuk dijadikan dana revolusi. Selanjutnya Teuku Markam benar-benar menggeluti dunia usaha dengan sejumlah aset berupa kapal dan beberapa dok kapal di Palembang, Medan, Jakarta, Makassar, Surabaya. Bisnis Teuku Markam semakin luas karena ia juga terjun dalam ekspor - impor dengan sejumlah negara. Antara lain mengimpor mobil Toyota Hardtop dari Jepang, besi beton, plat baja dan bahkan sempat mengimpor senjata atas persetujuan Departemen Pertahanan dan Keamanan (Dephankam) dan Presiden.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Komitmen Teuku Markam adalah mendukung perjuangan RI sepenuhnya termasuk pembebasan Irian Barat serta pemberantasan buta huruf yang waktu itu digenjot habis-habisan oleh Soekarno. Hasil bisnis Teuku Markam konon juga ikut menjadi sumber APBN serta mengumpulkan sejumlah 28 kg emas untuk ditempatkan di puncak Monumen Nasional (Monas). Sebagaimana kita tahu bahwa proyek Monas merupakan salah satu impian Soekarno dalam meningkatkan harkat dan martabat bangsa.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Peran Teuku Markam menyukseskan Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi (KTT) Asia Afrika tidak kecil berkat bantuan sejumlah dana untuk keperluan KTT itu.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Teuku Markam termasuk salah satu konglomerat Indonesia yang dikenal dekat dengan pemerintahan Soekarno dan sejumlah pejabat lain seperti Menteri PU Ir Sutami, politisi Adam Malik, Soepardjo Rustam, Kaharuddin Nasution, Bustanil Arifin, Suhardiman, pengusaha Probosutedjo dan lain-lain. Pada zaman Soekarno, nama Teuku Markam memang luar biasa populer. Sampai-sampai Teuku Markam pernah dikatakan sebagai kabinet bayangan Soekarno.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Sejarah kemudian berbalik. Peran dan sumbangan Teuku Markam dalam membangun perekonomian Indonesia seakan menjadi tiada artinya di mata pemerintahan Orba. Ia difitnah sebagai PKI dan dituding sebagai koruptor dan Soekarnoisme.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Tuduhan itulah yang kemudian mengantarkan Teuku Markam ke penjara pada tahun 1966. Ia dijebloskan ke dalam sel tanpa ada proses pengadilan. Pertama-tama ia dimasukkan tahanan Budi Utomo, lalu dipindahkan ke Guntur, selanjutnya berpindah ke penjara Salemba Jln Percetakan Negara. Lalu dipindah lagi ke tahanan Cipinang, dan terakhir dipindahkan ke tahanan Nirbaya, tahanan untuk politisi di kawasan Pondok Gede Jakarta Timur. Tahun 1972 ia jatuh sakit dan terpaksa dirawat di RSPAD Gatot Subroto selama kurang lebih dua tahun.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Peralihan kekuasaan dari Soekarno ke Soeharto membuat hidup Teuku Markam menjadi sulit dan prihatin. Ia baru bebas tahun 1974. Ini pun, kabarnya, berkat jasa- jasa baik dari sejumlah teman setianya. Teuku Markam dilepaskan begitu saja tanpa ada konpensasi apapun dari pemerintahan Orba. "Memang betul, saat itu Teuku Markam tidak akan menuntut hak- haknya. Tapi waktu itu ia kan tertindas dan teraniaya," kata Teuku Syauki Markam, salah seorang putra Teuku Markam.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Soeharto selaku Ketua Presidium Kabinet Ampera, pada 14 Agustus 1966 mengambil alih aset Teuku Markam berupa perkantoran, tanah dan lain-lain yang kemudian dikelola PT PP Berdikari yang didirikan Suhardiman untuk dan atas nama pemerintahan RI. Suhardiman, Bustanil Arifin, Amran Zamzami (dua orang terakhir ini adalah tokoh Aceh di Jakarta) termasuk teman-teman Markam. Namun tidak banyak menolong mengembalikan asset PT Karkam. Justru mereka ikut mengelola aset-aset tersebut di bawah bendera PT PP Berdikari. Suhardiman adalah orang pertama yang memimpin perusahaan tersebut. Di jajaran direktur tertera Sukotriwarno, Edhy Tjahaja, dan Amran Zamzami. Selanjutnya PP Berdikari dipimpin Letjen Achmad Tirtosudiro, Drs Ahman Nurhani, dan Bustanil Arifin SH.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Pada tahun 1974, Soeharto mengeluarkan Keppres N0 31 Tahun 1974 yang isinya antara lain penegasan status harta kekayaan eks PT Karkam/PT Aslam/PT Sinar Pagi yang diambil alih pemerintahan RI tahun 1966 berstatus "pinjaman" yang nilainya Rp 411.314.924,29 sebagai penyertaan modal negara di PT PP Berdikari.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Kepres itu terbit persis pada tahun dibebaskannya Teuku Markam dari tahanan.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Sekeluar dari penjara, tahun 1974, Teuku Markam mendirikan PT Marjaya dan menggarap proyek-prorek Bank Dunia untuk pembangunan infrastruktur di Aceh dan Jawa Barat. Tapi tidak satupun dari proyek-proyek raksasa yang dikerjakan PT Marjaya baik di Aceh maupun di Jawa Barat, mau diresmikan oleh pemerintahan Soeharto. Proyek PT Marjaya di Aceh antara lain pembangunan Jalan Bireuen - Takengon, Aceh Barat, Aceh Selatan, Medan-Banda Aceh, PT PIM dan lain-lain.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Teuku Syauki menduga, Rezim Orba sangat takut apabila Teuku Markam kembali bangkit. Untuk itulah, kata Teuku Syauki, proyek-proyek Markam "dianggap" angin lalu.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Teuku Markam meninggal tahun 1985 akibat komplikasi berbagai penyakit di Jakarta. Sampai akhir hayatnya, pemerintah tidak pernah merehabilitasi namanya. Bahkan sampai sekarang.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;">Bagaiman Perasaan Anda Setelah Membaca Sejarah Beliau ?</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;" /> <a href="http://news-deva.blogspot.com/2012/07/teuku-markam-penyumbang-emas-tugu-monas.html" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://<wbr></wbr></a><br />
<span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>news-deva.blogspot.com/<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>2012/07/<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>teuku-markam-penyumbang-ema<wbr></wbr><span class="word_break" style="display: inline-block;"></span>s-tugu-monas.htmlUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-65089465931945816472012-08-14T11:45:00.001-07:002012-08-14T11:48:05.560-07:00Album Foto di Tempat Sampah Gegerkan Belanda — kabarnet.wordpress.com <br />
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Album Foto di Tempat Sampah Gegerkan Belanda</h1>
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<li class="first last" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><time class="updated" datetime="2012-08-06T00:00:00" pubdate="" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">AUG. 6, 2012</time></li>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-43468 leftImage" src="http://kabarnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/belanda6.jpg?w=300&h=196" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0.4em 1.4375em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" title="" width="300" />Jakarta – KabarNet: Pada awal bulan Juli ini di negeri Belanda sedang hangat hangatnya membicarakan sejarah Aksi Polisionil Belanda di Indonesia antara 1947-1949. Semua berawal dari sebuah album foto yang ditemukan secara tidak sengaja di sebuah tempat sampah di Kota Enschede dan dimuat pertama kali oleh koran VOLKSKRANT, salah satu koran terbesar di Belanda.</strong></h3>
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<a name='more'></a>Di Belanda sendiri, sejarah tentang aksi polisionil tidak diajarkan secara mendetil dalam kurikulum mereka, seolah seperti bagian yang ingin dipetieskan, berikut adalah artikel koran yang pertama dimuat tanggal 10 Juli 2012.</div>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-43469 blockImage" src="http://kabarnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/belanda1.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" title="" width="620" /></div>
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Berikut adalah terjemahannya :</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Foto foto pertama dari eksekusi pasukan Belanda di Indonesia</span></h3>
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Lidy Nicolasen – 10 Juli 2012 , 07:35 Untuk pertamakali dalam sejarah, foto dari sebuah eksekusi ditemukan, kemungkinan foto foto dari eksekusi yang dilakukan oleh tentara belanda selama masa aksi polisionil di negara jajahan Hindia Belanda. Foto foto ini ditemukan dalam album foto pribadi seorang tentara yang dikirim pemerintah belanda ke Indonesia dalam sebuah misi militer.</div>
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Dalam foto foto ini dapat dilihat eksekusi dari tiga pria indonesia. Mereka berdiri dengan punggung mereka menghadap kearah regu tembak yang berdiri pada sisi lain sebuah parit, foto menunjukkan momen ketika mereka ditembak. Parit dipenuhi dengan mayat mayat nrang yang dieksekusi, terlihat dari foto kedua. Pada sisi sebelah kiri anda bisa melihat dua personil militer belanda yang bisa dipastikan dari seragam mereka.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Belum pernah ada sebelumnya</strong><br />
Tim ahli dari Institue Dokumentasi Perang ( Ned Indie Oorlog Documentation) dan Institut Sejarah Militer Belanda ( NIMH ) mengatakan bahwa mereka belum pernah melihat foto foto ini sebelumnya “ ini bukan foto sembarangan dan tentu saja tidak benar jika setiap veteran membawa foto semacam ini pulang” seorang pegawai NIMH mengatakan demikian. Demikian juga bagi NIOD foto foto ini tidak dikenali sebelumnya , tegas Rene Kok: “kami memiliki banyak album disini, sebenarnya kami mengharapkan gambar seperti ini muncul dan momen ini ternyata adalah saat ini, gambar ini tidak pernah saya lihat sebelumnya”.</div>
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Para sejarawan tidak meragukan keotentikan foto , namun tentang lokasi tepatnya dan kondisi eksekusi belum diketahui, kemungkinan riset lebih jauh akan dapat memberikan lebih banyak detail.</div>
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Pemilik foto adalah seorang prajurit dari Enschede. Dia sudah meninggal. Dia dikirim sebagai tentara wajib militer pada 1947 tepat sebelum agresi pertama dan kembali pada 1950 setelah Belanda menyetujui kemerdekaan Indonesia. Dia bertugas pada batalion artileri. Sejarah tentang batalionnya tidak pernah menuliskan tentang eksekusi. Namun tetap saja memungkinkan bagi pasukan artileri untuk mengawal pasukan infantri atau pasukan khusus yang melakukan eksekusi.</div>
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Eksekusi yang dikenal adalah Rawagede di Jawa Barat dan di Sulawesi Selatan. Tahun lalu keluarga korban dari pembantaian Rawagede telah mendapatkan uang kompensasi dari pemerintah Belanda. Pemerintah belum merespon mengenai tuntutan hukum mengenai pembantaian di Sulawesi Selatan. Tidak diketahui jumlah korban orang Indonesia secara pasti dari kedua aksi tersebut.</div>
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Prajurit pemilik foto ini tidak pernah membicarakan keberadaan dari foto ini. Dan mungkin saja tak seorangpun akan menyadari album fotonya jika mereka tidak menemukannya di tempat sampah di Enschede. Tidak diketahui siapa yang telah membuangnya. Pemilik album ini tidak memiliki anak dan hidup sendirian dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">TEMPAT SAMPAH</strong><br />
Seorang pegawai pemerintah kota Enschede menemukan album tua di sebuah tempat sampah, pegawai ini memang mengoleksi foto foto untuk mengilustrasikan kehidupan dari warga kotanya sendiri. Album ini pasti akan tetap ada ditempat sampah seandainya dia tidak menyadari foto dari tawanan, ketika itu dia melihat lebih dekat ke album foto dan baru menyadari bahwa dia menemukan album foto dari sebuah eksekusi.</div>
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Saat ini tiga institut penelitian sejarah meminta pemerintah untuk melakukan investigasi ulang dari aksi polisionil antara 1949 hingga 1950 untuk lebih mengungkapkan fakta tentang perang di Indonesia. Pemerintah belum memberikan jawaban ============================= publik Belanda pun mulai membicarakan berita ini baik yang pro maupun yang kontra, namun di negara kita sama sekali tidak mengetahui berita ini, tak ada satupun media di Indonesia yang mengangkat masalah ini dan inipun menguatkan opini publik Belanda ketika pertama kali foto ini ditemukan dan dimuat ,dimana mereka mengatakan <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Untuk apa kita meributkan kejadian ini? orang Indonesia sendiri saja tidak peduli dengan kejadian ini dan sejarah mereka”.</strong></div>
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Benarkah generasi Indonesia saat ini adalah generasi yang memang tidak peduli dengan sejarah bangsanya? <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Benarkah opini mereka? Layakkah bagian dari kisah perjuangan dan pengorbanan para pendahulu kita untuk dihapuskan, dilupakan dan seperti kisah ini……dibuang di tempat sampah?</strong></div>
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Tampak dalam foto mereka yang tanpa seragam tempur maupun persenjataan, bisa jadi mereka adalah warga sipil, namun bagi warga sipil sekalipun membutuhkan nyali yang besar bahkan hanya untuk menutup mulut tentang jumlah kekuatan maupun keberadaan pejuang RI, hingga bagaimana mereka melihat kawan mereka bergelempangan satu persatu diterjang peluru dan tetap tegar bersikap tidak kooperatif..</div>
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Tampak dalam foto tiga orang yang berdiri dengan ceceran darah didekatnya yang menunjukkan telah terjadi eksekusi sebelumnya.</div>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-43470 blockImage" src="http://kabarnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/belanda2.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" title="" width="613" /></div>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-43471 blockImage" src="http://kabarnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/belanda3.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" title="" width="598" /></div>
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Jika kawan kawan memiliki kepedulian terhadap kisah sejarah ini mohon bantulah untuk share artikel ini, agar bangsa kita tahu apa yang sedang terjadi di Belanda dan untuk mematahkan anggapan bahwa bangsa Indonesia tidak peduli dengan sejarahnya, saya akan terus menulis menerjemahkan koran-koran yang terbit di Belanda berkaitan dengan masalah penemuan foto ini.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Profil Jacobus, Prajurit Pemilik Album Foto</span></h2>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Profil Prajurit Jacobus, Album Foto yang Ditemukan di Tempat Sampah</strong><br />
Dalam artikel di atas diulas secara lengkap siapa prajurit pemilik album foto yang ditemukan di tempat sampah dan hangat menjadi pembicaraan di negeri Belanda, berikut adalah artikel dari koran <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Volskrant</em> masih tanggal yang sama :</div>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter wp-image-43472 blockImage" src="http://kabarnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/belanda4.jpg?w=573&h=833" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" width="573" /></div>
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<img alt="" class="aligncenter wp-image-43474 blockImage" src="http://kabarnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/belanda51.jpg?w=560&h=815" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" width="560" /></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebuah foto dari barisan mayat, hanya sebuah jepretan</strong><br />
Album foto dari Jacobus R, pasukan artileri lapangan dari Enschede, menunjukkan gambaran yang mengerikan dari pembunuhan oleh Belanda pada 1947,selama masa agresi militer pertama di Indonesia. Tampak sperti sebuah jepretan foto dari kehidupan seorang prajurit.</div>
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Prajurit Jacobus R yang membanggakan, pria modern dari Enschede, dengan jaket, dasi , rambut mengkilap dan kumis seperti Clark Gable. Tepat sesudah perang dunia kedua pada 1947 dia dikirim wajib militer ke Indoneria. Dia ditugaskan di Barak Angkatan Darat Kerajaan di Ede dan bergabung dengan resimen artileri lapangan yang sudah diperbaharui. RVA adalah singkatannya.</div>
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Mulai saat ini nama RVA dituliskan dibelakang nama keluarganya<br />
Sebagaimana kawan kawan seusianya juga bergabung dalam wajib militer. Di Ede mereka dilatih bagaimana bertempur dalam perang di timur jauh ( indonesia ) . Mereka juga diberitahu tentang pecahnya revolusi di negeri hindia belanda dan dibutuhkan sebanyak mungkin pasukan untuk mengembalikan kekuasaan Belanda. Karena pasukan KNIL saat itu tidak dalam kondisi yang baik sejak jatuh ke tangan Jepang. Di Belanda, ribuan sukarelawan mendaftarkan diri, sejak musim semi 1947, wajib militer juga digabungkan dalam Angkatan Darat, pemerintah mengatakan tentang operasi polisionil yang bertujuan untuk membebaskan penduduk Indonesia dari para pemberontak, namun kenyataannya mereka berakhir dalam perang gerilya yang mengerikan.</div>
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Jacobus adalah anak seorang penata rambut. Mungkin nama panggilannya adalah Jaap atau mungkin Koos. Dia sudah meninggal ,bahkan keluarganya pun tidak mudah untuk menemukan jawabannya, mungkin saja dia benci untuk pergi ke Indonesia. Antara satu sama lain antar prajurit, mereka banyak mengeluh. Tepat sesudah perang dunia kedua berakhir, tidak banyak pemuda yang memiliki hasrat untuk bertempur, namun menolak wajib militer adalah sama artinya dengan memilih melawan negara dan dipenjara.</div>
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Beberapa dari mereka juga memandang ini sebagai sebuah kesempatan untuk pergi berpetualang, pergi dari Belanda yang pengap dan kacau balau menuju tanah yang menjanjikan : Indonesia</div>
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Pada 8 Mei 1947 Jacobus memasuki kapal pasukan MS Johan van Oldenbarnevelt. Saat menyeberangi equator, dia dan kawan-kawannya mendapatkan gelar diploma. Dalam sertifikat tersebut dapat dibaca bahwa Neptune, dewa lautan, menyatakan bahwa dia layak dan mampu untuk menaklukkan semua marabahaya di Timur Jauh, Indonesia. Nampaknya dia sangat bangga dengan hal tersebut, jika tidak tentunya dia tidak akan menaruhnya didalam album fotonya tiga tahun setelah semua ini berlalu.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">SATU BULAN PERJALANAN</strong><br />
Perjalanan itu memakan waktu hampir satu bulan lamanya, pada 5 Juni 1947 mereka sampai di Tanjung Priok, pelabuhan di Jakarta di pulau Jawa. Setelah singgah sehari mereka dinaikkan truk militer sejauh ratusan kilometer ke sebuah tempat bernama Batujajar dekat Bandung. Rencana mereka adalah mengambil alih pasukan KNIL dan relawan, tapi karena situasi politik ( agresi militer I akan segera dilaksanakan dalam waktu satu bulan) maka aksi itu ditunda.</div>
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3-12 RVA berada dibawah komando basis militer Bandung. Aturan tertulis mereka seharusnya memiliki empat senjata api, namun pada kenyataannya mereka harus menggabunfkan beberapa persenjataan tua untuk membuat artileri primitif. Tak seorangpun tahu bagaimana mengoperasikan artileri lapangan 7,5 karena mereka dilatih untuk mengoperasikan artileri 9, hanya beberapa perwira KNIL yang melatih mereka namun tak lama kemudian 2 perwira pergi untuk mendapat pelatihan menjadi komandan anti udara.</div>
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Pada pagi hari tangal 23 Juli, dua hari setelah aksi polisionil berjalan untuk pertama kalinya melakukan latihan dengan amunisi sungguhan. Pada hari yang sama juga mereka mendapatkan perintah untuk memindahkan persenjataan artileri ke Cilampeni,sebelah selatan bandung pada malam harinya.</div>
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Dua hari kemudian mereka terperangkap ditengah pertempuran ketika Soreang dikuasai pejuang Indonesia dan mereka harus mensupport pasukan infantri dengan tembakan ke desa desa dan tembakan kearah bunker bunker lawan. “Sangat Efektif“, itulah yang tertulis dalam catatan sejarah batalion yang menulis laporan menyeluruh tentang operasi Batalion 3-12 RVA, dokumen ini sekian lama berstatus dokumen sangat rahasia,namun saat ini siapapun dapat membuka arsip ini, tersimpan di Arsip Nasional Den Haag. Tidak tertulis detil seberapa “efektif”nya operasi ini berjalan.</div>
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Pada hari sabtu mereka kembali ke markas Batujajar dan sehari kemudian mereka diserang oleh 200 tentara Indonesia. Pertempuran berlangsung selama satu setengah jam. Seorang prajurit KNIL terluka. Mata mata mengatakan bahwa musuh menderita kerugian setidaknya 30 tewas dan 15 korban luka. Pada hari yang sama juga, 3-12 RVA mendapat bantuan seorang Kapten KNIL yang berpengalaman dibidang artileri.</div>
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Mereka bergerak lebih jauh ke selatan untuk mendukung aksi okupasi dari angkatan darat. Aksi Polisionil pertama berakhir pada awal Agustus 1947. Bulan September adalah bulan yang tenang,kecuali datangnya masalah infeksi penyakit kulit. Prajurit yang tidak istirahat di tempat tidur harus berlatih menembak.<br />
Pada November 1947 akhirnya mereka siap untuk serah terima kekuasaan Cilimus dari pasukan KNIL dan sukarelawannya (A III Field). Pada akhir Desember salah satu jeep mereka terkena ranjau dan dua orang tewas dengan satu orang terluka parah. Mereka harus melakukan banyak kegiatan patroli, namun ini seharusnya bukanlah tugas dari pasukan artileri dan lagi ada banyak orang yang menderita penyakit.</div>
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Album foto ini tidak menceritakan apakah Jacobus juga menderita sakit juga. Dia tidak memotret kawan kawannya yang sedang sakit atau terluka. Sangat bisa dipastikan bahwa Jacobus menukar kameranya dengan kawan-kawannya karena dia sendiri nampak dalam abum fotonya dan kemungkinan juga bukan hanya dia yang membawa kamera. Sayangnya dia tidak menuliskan keterangan foto di albumnya sehingga informasi mengenai tempat dan waktu tidak ada.</div>
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Kadang ada beberapa foto yang sesuai dengan sejarah resmi. Seperti contoh evakuasi dari pasukan TNI dimana pasukan TNI dengan topi dan peci berwarna hitam. Dengan truk chevrolet milik militer ( cat dan krom mengkilap ) mereka dipindahkan ke garis demarkasi seperti yang sudah disepakati pasca aksi agresi militer I. Jacobus dan kawan kawannya menemani konvoi pemindahan sambil mengambil beberapa foto dalam perjalanannya.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Penghabisan</strong><br />
Berdasarkan catatan sejarah batalion,mereka mulai menyerang kelompok bersenjata yang tersisa yang mereka maksudkan disini adalah kelompok Hisbullah dan Sabilillah, kelompok muslim yang menolak hasil perundingan dan memilih untuk tetap bertempur dengan Belanda. Pasukan Belanda menghabisi mereka dengan cepat dan mudah sedangkan pemuda Indonesia lain tidak melakukan tindakan apapun. (karena terikat perjanjian damai.pen)</div>
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Mungkin saja kelompok muslim ini yang menjadi korban penembakan dalam foto, mereka tidak berseragam dan tidak berambut panjang seperti para pejuang kemerdekaan yang fanatik pada umumnya kala itu. Namun bisa juga mereka ini gerombolan pengganggu keamanan yang ditemukan di lingkungan area tersebut.</div>
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Sepertinya bukanlah Jacobus pelaku langsung eksekusi , hal macam itu bukanlah tugas seorang prajurit artileri, namun adalah tugas dari pasukan khusus. Pasukan khusus harus melumpuhkan kekuatan musuh dan mengembalikan keadaan kembali aman, jadi kemungkinan pasukan inilah yang berpatroli semacam ini. J.A Moor seorang ahli mengenai Indonesia menyatakan bahwa taktik yang digunakan pasukan khusus dalam aksi polisionil (perang westerling) adalah keras dan teliti. Eksekusi dan penghabisan dari tawanan adalah hal yang biasa. Tidak pernah ada estimasi data pasti jumlah korban dikarenakan laporan sudah hilang atau mungkin bahkan sengaja tidak dituliskan. Aturan resmi seharusnya tawanan dipindahkan ke tempat khusus untuk interogasi, namun taktik dari pasukan khusus adalah adalah pendadakan dan menghabisi lawan ( surprise and eliminate ) dan mereka ini tidak terbiasa membawa tawanan perang.<br />
Saksi.</div>
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Jadi Jacobus menyaksikan pembantaian ini. Dia mengambil gambar dan tampaknya tak seorangpun berusaha mencegah dia memotret. Bahkan sesudahnya pun tak ada yang meminta roll film nya. Hingga kemudian hari dia menyimpannya dalam album foto pribadinya.<br />
Foto foto ini diperkirakan dibuat pada awal 1948. Ada banyak sekali pertempuran di Jawa Barat sekalipun aksi polisionil kedua belum dimulai. Batalion 3-12 RVA menuliskan dalam laporannya : “tembakan dimana mana” , seperti yang telah mereka sebut tembakan ke desa desa, lapangan udara, tambang tembaga.</div>
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Dalam “laporan tembakan” juga dituliskan rinci hingga berapa jumlah granat yang mereka gunakan, data kematian juga dituliskan, namun 3-12-RVA tidak pernah menuliskan apapun tentang eksekusi.</div>
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Ada kekhawatiran lain juga yang membutuhkan perhatian mereka. Pada akhir Januari 1948 mereka menemukan 10 buah Radio Amerika. Jacobus memotretnya. Laporan menuliskan : “setelah dipelajari beberapa staff , radio dapat difungsikan dengan cukup baik, baik digunakan di pos permanen sebagai pengintai di garis depan dan juga mudah digunakan untuk berpindah pindah karena mudah untuk diangkut.</div>
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Namun mereka punya masalah yang lebih besar dengan kendaraan “bersyukur atas kemampuan dan bakat improvisasi dari para mekanik,kendaraan dapat berjalan dengan layak” begitu tulis Commander A.Lammers. Dia juga menuliskan bahwa moral prajuritnya terjaga dengan baik. Juga laporan pada pertengahan 1948, dia mengeluhkan mengenai perlengkapan dan komunikasi telepon namun kekuatan mereka masih utuh dengan 11 perwira, 16 sersan dan 186 prajurit. Hanya saja jumlah tentara yang sakit bertambah.</div>
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Satuan ini terpisah menjadi dua kelompok, kemungkinan Jacobus bergerak lebih ke timur yaitu ke Tegal. Melewati Pemalang,mereka menuju Belik dimana mereka tergabung dalam kelompok tempur “Bernardi”. Pada 19 Desember 1948 aksi polisionil kedua (operasi gagak) dimulai, mereka membantu pasukan infantri untuk mengecek desa desa dan memberikan support pada batalion zeni.</div>
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Ternyata pertempuran sama sekali belum terhenti bahkan saat aksi polisionil kedua ini berakhir pada Januari 1949. Kenyataannya di lapangan perang gerilya terus berlanjut hingga gencatan senjata pada Agustus 1949, hingga Desember 1949 Indonesia memproklamasikan kemerdekaannya.</div>
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Sejak saat itu pula Jacobus dan kawan kawannya ingin untuk kembali pulang. Jacobus juga memotret foto pasukannya yang sedang mengundurkan diri. Pada Maret 1950 resimen dari prajurit Jacobus dikembalikan pulang ke Belanda oleh Kapal Angkut Pasukan Amerika “Fair Sea”. Sesampainya di Belanda, 3-12 RVA dihapuskan.</div>
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Sesampainya dirumah dia menempatkan seluruh fotonya dalam sebuah album foto, jepretan dari rekan-rekannya sesama prajurit, jeep, peralatan radio, bangunan, foto wanita Indonesia yang mencuci di sungai, sebuah desa atau parade kecil dari anak anak sekolah. Dia juga menyelipkan sertifikat Diploma yang dia dapat, mata uang Indonesia, surat izin penggunaan senjata, kartu tahun baru dari 3-12-RVA dan sertifikat dari insignia yang dia dapatkan dari Menteri Perang ( Minister of War ). Dan juga tersimpan foto pacarnya, orang tuanya, anjingnya dibawah pengering di sebuah salon dan foto rekreasi ke Valkenburg dan Pisa. Ringkasan kehidupan pada umumnya setelah 3 tahun peperangan.</div>
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Diterjemahkan dari koran <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Volkskrant</em> oleh <strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ady Erlianto Setyawan.</strong><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[KbrNet/roodebrugsoerabaia]</span></div>
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</section></section>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-3786335087896292562012-08-14T11:23:00.001-07:002012-08-14T11:48:20.394-07:00Kerajaan melayu champa cham<br />
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<li class="last" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <time class="updated" datetime="2012-08-14T09:32:00" pubdate="" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">AUG. 14, 2012</time></li>
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Kerajaan Campa mempunyai hubungan diplomatik dengan kerajaan jiran dan tetangganya. Dengan Cina dan Vietnam di utara, Kampuchea di barat dan Nusantara di selatan. Campa secara teratur mengirim utusan-utusan, dan delegasi serta mengadakan hubungan ekonomi dan keagamaan dengan Cina. Ajaran agama yang dianut masyarakat Campa pada abad kelapan dan sembilan adalah Budha Mahayana yang sampai ke Campa melalui sami yang datang dari Cina. Hubungan dengan Nusantara bermula ketika terjadi rompakan besar-besaran oleh orang Jawa pada penghujung abad kelapan. Dan hubungan itu menjadi lebih baik dalam bentuk hubungan perdagangan dan persahabatan</div>
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Pada abad ke sembilan terjadi peralihan orientasi Campa dari Cina ke India. Mulai zaman ini tamadun Campa termasuk sistem sosial, keagamaan dan lain sebagainya, dipengaruhi oleh Budaya India yang beragama Hindu dan Budha. Pada 939 muncul kekuatan baru di wilayah ini yakni Dai Viet (kemudian menjadi Vietnam), dan mulai sejak itu terjadi peperangan yang berkepanjangan antara Vietnam dan Campa, dan pada 982 Vietnam berhasil menghancurkan ibu kerajaan Indrapura, dan raja Campa memindahkannya jauh ke selatan yakni ke Vijaya (Binh Dinh sekarang), bahkan pada 1044 Dai Viet (Vietnam) berhasil menduduki kota Vijaya dan membunuh rajanya. Berbagai usaha pernah dilakukan raja-raja Campa untuk membalas dendam dan menyerang Vietnam, tapi kenyataannya pada setiap penyerangan, justru Vietnam semakin dapat memperbesar wilayahnya dan mencaplok Campa. Pernah kerajaan Campa kembali pada kejayaannya dalam waktu singkat, ketika diperintah oleh Che Bong Nga (1360-1390), karena dia berusaha mengembalikan wilayah yang dirampas Vietnam, dan dia memerintah dengan cukup adil dan berjaya memerangi lanun.<br />
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Pada 1471 raja Vietnam Le Thanh Tong menyerang Campa secara besar-besaran, dan menghancurkan Vijaya, membunuh lebih 40.000 penduduk, mengusir lebih dari 30.000 lainnya dari bumi Campa, dan bahkan menghancurkan apa saja sisa-sisa kebudayaan Campa yang dipengaruhi Hindu/Budha, dan kemudian menggantikannya dengan kebudayaan Cina/Vietnam. Dengan kemenangan Le Thanh Tong pada 1471 itu, maka tamatlah riwayat Kerajaan Campa belahan utara, khususnya Indrapura, Amarawati dan Vijaya.</div>
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Selanjutnya yang bertahan adalah sisa-sisa kerajaan Campa belahan selatan Kauthara dan Panduranga yang diperintahi oleh Bo Tri Tri dan pengganti-penggantinya. Kerajaan Campa mulai menerima kebudayaan Melayu serta Islam yang masuk melalui pelabuhan Panduranga dan Kauthara, dan meningkatkan hubungan dengan tanah Melayu dan Nusantara, dikabarkan raja Campa bernama Po Klau Halu (1579-1603) sudah memeluk Islam, bahkan telah menghantar tentaranya untuk membantu Sultan Johor di Semnenanjung Tanah Melayu untuk menentang Portugis di Melaka tahun 1511.</div>
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Namun sayang sekali lagi raja Nguyen dari Vietnam menaklukan Kauthara (1659) dan Panduranga (1697). Raja Panduranga terakhir Po Cei Brei terpaksa mengungsi meninggalkan negerinya bersama ribuan pengikutnya menuju Rong Damrei di Kampuchea. Pada 1832, Penguasa Vietnam Minh Menh melakukan pembunuhan besar-besaran terhadap sisa-sisa terakhir penduduk Campa Panduranga, merampas seluruh sawah ladang mereka, dan memasukkan wilayah Panduranga menjadi bagian Vietnam. Dan hal itu menandai lenyapnya Sisa Kerajaan Campa terakhir dari peta bumi untuk selamanya, walaupun kebudayaan dan etnik Campa tetap berlanjut tapi sudah berada di pengungsian yakni Kampuchea.</div>
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Kehadiran Orang Campa dan Melayu di Kampuchea</div>
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Seperti telah diuraikan sebelumnya, ramai orang Campa yang meninggalkan tanah airnya karena desakan Nam tien atau pergerakan orang-orang Vietnam ke selatan. Untuk menyelamatkan diri mereka hijrah ke Kampuchea. Di Kampuchea mereka bertemu dengan kelompok Melayu yang datang dari Nusantara. Terjadilah akulturasi budaya karena persamaan agama, dan rumpun bahasa Austronesia, ke dalam masyarakat baru yang disebut Melayu-Campa atau Jva-Cam.</div>
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Kehadiran masyarakat Melayu di Kampuchea bermula sejak beberapa abad sebelumnya. Sumber-sumber Khmer menyebutkan bahwa dalam abad ke 7, kaum Jva telah menghuni beberapa wilayah Khmer yang datang sebagai pedagang, pelaut dan tentara laut.</div>
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Semasa abad ke 15 hubungan dunia Melayu dan Kampuchea meningkat dari segi ekonomi dan agama. Ramai pedagang dan penyebar agama tiba di Kampuchea. Menurut sumber-sumber Melayu di Kampuchea, kebanyakan orang Melayu berasal dari Borneo, Jawa, Sumatera, Singapura, Trenggano dan Patani. Bahkan untuk waktu-waktu tertentu ketua-ketua Melayu telah menjalin kerjasama dan saling membantu dengan Raja-raja Khmer.</div>
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Gelombang migrasi masyarakat Campa di Kampuchea adalah selepas 1471 ketika Vietnam menduduki Vijaya, gelombang berikutnya selepas 1697 ketika Vietnam menduduki Panduranga, dan terakhir karena mengalami siksaan luar biasa pada 1832. Migrasi Campa berlaku karena melarikan diri dari penghancuran Vietnanm, sedang migrasi Melayu dari Nusantara terjadi karena perdagangan dan penyebaran agama Islam. Dan kedua etnik berbeda asal usul ini bersatu dalam satu agama yakni Islam di negeri asing bernama Kampuchea. Kedua suku ini karena persamaan nasib, dan persamaan agama, akhirnya bekerjasama dan bercampur sehingga melahirkan etnik baru yang disebut Melayu-Campa. Oleh penguasa Khmer masyarakat Melayu-Campa ini dipersilahkan untuk berdiam di wilayah Oudong (ibu nregara Khmer waktu itu), wilayah Thbaung Khmum, Stung Trang dan daerah-daerah Kompot, Battambang dan Kampung Luong sekarang ini.</div>
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Masyarakat Melayu-Campa membentuk satu komuniti khusus yang dikenali sebagai ”Cam-Jva”. Perkataan ”jva” berasal dari perkataan ”Jawa” yang ditafsirkan masyarakat Kampuchea sebagai semua masyarakat Melayu dari manapun asalnya. Mungkin mereka berasal dari Pulau Jawa, Sumatera atau mana-mana negeri di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dan Patani. Istilah ”cam” merujuk kepada penduduk yang berasal dari kerajaan Campa yang pada zaman dahulu terletak di tengah Vietnam sekarang. Karena kedua-dua masyarakat Melayu dan Cam menganut agama Islam dan tergolong di dalam kelompok linguistik Austronesia, maka masyarakat Khmer menggolongkan mereka kepada kelompok ”Cam-Jva” atau ”Melayu-Campa”.</div>
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Pada tahun 1874 penduduk Melayu-Cam berjumlah 25.599 orang. Sepuluh persen penduduk Phnom Penh adalah Melayu-Cam. Di daerah-daerah pemukiman Melayu-Campa ini banyak kita temui Masjid dan surau, serta tempat pendidikan agama. Kebanyakan Melayu-Campa bekerja sebagai peladang, nelayan, peternak lembu dan peniaga yang handal, sebahagian lainnya berkhidmat selaku kaki tangan kerajaan, mulai dari pegawai peringakat kampung chumtup, mekhum, mesrok dan chaway srok, bahkan juga ada yang berkhidmat sebagai tentara dan memegang jabatan politik.</div>
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Keseluruhan membuktikan bahwa masyarakat Melayu-Cam telah benar-benar merasa Kampuchea sebagai negara bangsanya sendiri tanpa terkecuali, dan telah memberikan kesetiaannya kepada Kampuchea, termasuk ketika penjajahan Perancis. Sebaliknya pemerintah Khmer tidak menganggap Melayu-Cam sebagai pendatang dan orang asing, tapi warga negara bukan pribumi, sebagaimana banyak warga semacam itu lainnya.</div>
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Kampuchea merdeka dari jajahan Perancis tanggal 9 Nopember 1953, di bawah kepala Negara Norodom Sihanouk. Namun sayangnya masyarakat Melayu-Cam tidak disebutkan dari sudut etniknya, yakni etnik Melayu-Cam, tapi disebut Khmer Islam, sebutan yang dipopulerkan hingga ke hari ini.</div>
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Belakangan kelompok-kelompok minoriti yang dilindungi di kawasan Pays Montagards du Sud (PMS) yang merangkumi Kontum, Pleiku, Ban Methuot, Djing dan Dalat yang terdapat di Vietnam Selatan, dihapuskan dan seluruhnya dianggap masyarakat Vietnam. Hal yang sama juga dialami oleh sisa-sisa minoriti Cam di Vietnam dan Khmer Krom (masyarakat Khmer yang berdiam di Vietnam Selatan). Oleh sebab itu, masyarakat Melayu-Cam di Kampuchea berusaha berjuang bersama masyarakat PMS di Vietnam dan orang-orang Khmer Krom, membentuk perikatan yang disebut FULRO (Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Oprimees atau Barisan Pembebasan Ras-ras Tertindas). FULRO merangkumi gabungan Front de Liberation du Champa (Barisan Pembebasan Campa), Front de Liberation du Kampuchea Krom (Barisan Pembebasan Kampuchea Krom) dan Front de Liberation du Kampuchea Nord (Barisan Pembebasan Kampuchea Utara).</div>
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Ahli jabatan kuasa FULRO terdiri dari Presiden Chau Dara dan dua orang naib presiden: Y. Bham Enoul (seorang Rade dari Ban Methuot) dan Po Nagar (seorang tentara Kapuchea yang berasal dari Kompong Cam, yang di kalangan Islam dikenali dengan Les Kosem). Les Kosem seorang tentara payung terjun Kapuchea, yang pada tahun 1970 dilantik menjadi general, dia merupakan pimpinan Mulayu-Cam yang berpengaruh dalam angkatan tentara dan politik Khmer. Pada masa pemerintahan Lon Nol, nasib Melayu-Cam agak lebih baik, karena kepercayaan dan berbagai posisi diberikan pada Melayu-Cam dan FULRO. Les Kosem ditunjuk menjadi mediator dalam menyelesaiukan berbagai konflik intern Muslim dan perwakilan Kapuchea ke berbagai negara Muslim. Tapi setelah kejatuhan Kampuchea ketangan Khmer Rouge, Les Kosem melarikan diri ke Malaysia dan meninggal di Kuala Lumpur tahun 1976.</div>
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Semasa rezim Pol Pot dari Khmer Rouge (1975-1979), beribu-ribu orang Kampuchea telah diseksa dan dibunuh karena diyakini bekerjasama dengan rezim Lon Nol dan karena alasan agama yang dianutnya. Seperti diketahui bahwa Khmer Rouge adalah penganut ajaran Komunisme radikal, dan menghalang kebebasan beragama. Melayu-Cam yang beragama Islam merasakan penderitaan yang amat sangat berat. Masyarakat Melayu-Cam dan Khmer Islam dipaksa meninggalkan tradisi keagamaan mereka, nama yang memiliki konotasi Islam, dihapuskan, Masjid dan madrasah tidak difungsikan atau dikurangi jumlahnya, kebiasaan-kebiasaan agama lainnya dihapuskan. Al-Qur’an dan bacaan-bacaan keagamaan lainnya dimusnahkan. Budaya dalam bentuk aktifiti-aktifiti, pakaian, makanan dan asesoris Islam lainnya dilenyapkan, termasuk nama dan gelaran keagamaan.</div>
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Pada tanggal 17 April 1975, pasukan khusus Khmer Rouge yang disebut Angkar, telah melakukan pencarian dan penyisiran diikuti penyiksaan terhadap siapa saja yang mereka curigai mengikut Lon Nol. Pada 20 Mei 1975, Pol Pot telah melakukan diskriminasi sosial berdasarkan pilihan politik dan agamanya, sehingga yang ada hanya dua pilihan: ”ikut Pol Pot atau menolak Pol Pot”. Mereka yang dianggap menolak Pol Pot mengalami nasib yang tidak pernah terjadi dalam sejarah umat manusia, yakni pembantaian besar-besaran.</div>
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Diperkirakan antara satu sampai tiga juta rakyat telah dibunuh atau mati karena kekurangan makanan, satu juta diantaranya adalah Melayu-Campa. Dan lebih kurang enam juta lainnya mengalami trauma berat karena ketakutan yang sangat berat. Umat Islam karena alasan ideologi dan keagamaan serta merupakan ”kaum pendatang” merupakan umat paling menderita, mereka dipaksa berpisah dengan kaum sesama umat Islam, atau diusir ke hutan dan gunung atau bagi yang mampu ada yang melarikan diri ke Luar Negeri, yang paling banyak lari ke Kelantan (Malaysia), Vietnam dan Thailand serta negara-negara barat.</div>
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Walaupun Kher Rouge hanya memerintah selama empat tahun, tapi akibatnya dari aspek budaya, banyak rakyat Khmer Islam dan Melayu-Camp yang sudah tidak kenal agamanya, tidak pandai tulis baca Arab dan Campa. Pol Pot berhasil mengikis habis identitas keislaman dan Ke-Campa orang-orang Melayu Campa.</div>
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Barulah setelah kejatuhan rezim Pol Pot dan diperintah oleh Hun Sen dan Raja Sihanouk, masyarakat Melayu-Cam/Khmer Islam kembali merasakan sedikit kemerdekaan beragama. Masjid sudah mulai difungsikan kembali demikian juga madrasah-madrasah. Masyarakat Islam diletakkan di bawah majlis yang terdiri dari enam orang yang dilantik oleh raja. Majlis Agama Islam Kampuchea (MAIK) dipimpin oleh seorang Changvang (mufti), sekarang dijabat oleh Uztadz Kamaruddin Yusof, dibantu oleh dua orang Pembantu Mufti (sekarang Uztadz Yusof Kadir dan Uztadz Arsyad), dilengkapi dengan tiga orang Penasehat (sekarang YB Math Ly, YB Tol Loh dan YB Ismail Osman). Di setiap kampung terdapat seorang pemimpin spritual bergelar Hakim. Di daerah Trea (Kompong Cham) ditubuhkan sekolah Madrasa Hafiz al-Qur’an, kemudian diikuti Sekolah Dubai di KM 9 Pnomh Penh, Darul Aitam di Pochentong, Serkolah Ummul Kura di Chrouy Metrei. Madrasa Hajjah Rohimah Tambichik di Nohor Ban dan Ma’had al-Muhammady di Beng Pruol. Sebenarnya sebelum rezim Kher Rouge memerintah Kampuchea, banyak pelajar Kampuchea melanjutkan pelajarannya ke Malaysia, Thailand Selatan, Egypt, Arab Saudi dan Kuwait.</div>
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Saat ini solidaritas dari badan-badan Islam Internasional, dan umat Islam antara bangsa telah muncul, karena nasib umat Islam di Kampuchea yang begitu menyedihkan. Rabithah Alam Islami di Mekah, Konferensi Negara-Negara Islam (OIC) dan lain sebagainya telah menya<br />
lurkan berbagai bantuan, mulai dari pengiriman mushaf Al-Qur’an sampai bantuan rehabilitasi Masjid dan melakukan advokasi (pembelaan) nasib umat Islam tersebut. Lembaga-lembaga keagamaan, seperti Jema’ah Tabligh dan Darul Arqam serta Regional Islamic Da’wah Council of South East Asia And Pacific (RISEAP) dari Malaysia mendatangkan guru dan pendakwah/ulama serta melakukan berbagai kunjungan silaturrahmi. Saat ini sudah dikukuhkan 320 buah kampung orang Islam, 110 diantaranya terdapat di propinsi Kompong Cham, juga sudah dipulihkan fungsinya dan direhabilitasi bangunannya sebanyak 270 masjid dan surau, dan dikikuhkan 600 orang Tuan dan Hakim. Propinsi lainnya yang juga kuat umat Islamnya adalah Propinsi Battambang dan Kampot.</div>
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Di Kampuchea terdapat empat persatuan Umat Islam: yakni Samakum Islam Kampuchea (Persatuan Islam Kampuchea) di bawah kepimpinan YB Math Ly. Samakum Khmer Islam Kampuchea (Persatuan Khmer Islam Kampuchea) dipimpin oleh YB Wan Math. Samakun Islam Preah Reach Anachakr Kampuchea (Persatuan Islam Kerajaan Kampouchea) di bawah pimpinan YB Ahmad Yahya, Dan Samakum Cham Islam Kampuchea (Persatuan Cam Islam Kampuchea) diketuai guru bernama Guru Zain yang tinggal di Prek Pra. Kedua-dua istilah: Khmer Islam dan Cam sama-sama diterima dan dipakai secara resmi. Selanjutnya juga ada Yayasan seperti Cambodian Muslim Development Foundation dan Combodian Islamic Development Community. Dan tentu saja tidak boleh dilupakan adalah organisasi intelektual Muslim Kampuchea Cambodian Muslim Intelectual Alliance (CMIA) yang menyelenggarakan acara kita saat ini.</div>
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Adapun tokoh-tokoh Islam Kampuchea yang terkenal karena posisinya yang dekat dengan pantadbiran antara lain: YB Math Ly (ahli parlemen, timbalan Perdana Menteri dan bekas Menteri Pendidikan). Onkha Othman Hassan (ahli parlemen, penasehat Perdana Menteri), YB Ahmad Yahya (Ahli parlemen), HE Ismail Yusoff (ahli parlemen), YB Ismail Osman (Ahli parlemen dan timbalan menteri di kementrian Hal Ehwal Kepercayaan dan Agama). YB Zakariyya Adam Osman (timbalan Menteri di Kementrian Hal Ehwal Kepercayaan dan Agama).</div>
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Hubungan Budaya Melayu Campa dan Asia Tenggara</div>
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Seperti sudah disebutkan, terdapat dua etnik yang menyatu di Kampuchea, yakni Melayu-Cam. Orang Kampuchea menyebut mereka dengan ”Cam-Jva”. Istilah ”jva”, yang berasal dari perkataan Jawa. Walaupun di Kampuchea istilah ”Jva” tidak di maksudkan hanya untuk orang Jawa, tapi seluruh orang Melayu atau Nusantara, termasuk Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dan Patani. Sedang ”Cam”, atau Cham berasal dari etnik atau (kerajaan lama) Campa.</div>
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Kalau orang Melayu merantau dari Tanah Melayu atau Nusantara, maka orang Cam mengungsi secara besar-besaran dari tanah asal mereka di bagian tengah Vietnam sekarang, dan keduanya yang kebetulan berasal dari rumpun bahasa yang sama yakni Austronesia, dan belakangan mempunyai agama yang sama, yakni Islam, maka kedua etnik tersebut dengan cepat menyatu dan melahirkan etnik Jva-cam atau Melayu–Campa.</div>
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Walaupun orang Kampuchea tidak dapat membezakan orang Melayu, tapi dari kalangan Melayu sendiri, membagi Melayu menjadi tiga kategori: (1) Orang Jva Krabi (dalam bentuk tulisan Chhvea Krabei) menunjukkan orang Melayu yang berasal dari Pulau Sumatera, khususnya Minangkabau. Krapi dalam bahasa Kampuchea berarti “Kerbau”, diperkirakan menggunakan istilah Jva Krabi, karena konon kabarnya dahulu kala kerbau orang Minangkabau menang melawan kerbau yang dibawa dari Jawa. (2) Orang Jva Ijava (Chhvea iava), maksudnya orang Melayu yang berasal dari Pulau Jawa. (3) Orang Jva Malayu (chhvea Malayou), menunjukkan orang Melayu yang datang dari negeri-negeri Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dan Patani.</div>
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Hijrahnya orang Melayu dari Nusantara, dalam rangka berdagang atau karena mereka anak maritim yang senang mngembara dilautan lepas, diperkirakan setelah masuknya Islam di Nusantara, sehingga mereka ikut membawa Islam ke Kampuchea. Proses imigrasi itu diperkirakan berlangsungabad ke 13 dan 14. Orang Melayu telah memainkan perannya yang besar dalam mengajarkan Islam di Kampuchea. Raja Khmer sering memberi gelaran kepada tokoh-tokoh Islam, seperti ”Onkha To Koley”, berasal dari Ukana To’ Kali. Koley berasal dari kata Kalih (bahasa Melayu) atau Kadi (bahasa Arab yang berarti Hakim). Gelaran ”Onkha Reachea Mu Sti”, berasal dari Ukana Raja Mufti. Mufti (bahasa Arab berarti pemberi fatwa), sedang ”Onkha Reachea Peanich”, berasal dari Ukana Raja Sampatti, senopati (bahasa Jawa yang berarti perwira) yang bertanggug jawab dalam bidang perniagaan dan ekonomi.</div>
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Pada akhir abad ke 16, sumber-sumber Khmer menyebutkan terdapat dua tokoh Melayu-Cam, bernama Po Rat atau Cancona (berasal dari Cam) dan Laksmana (dari Melayu), yang berbakti pada Raja Ram I (Ram dari Joen Brai (1594-1596), kedua mereka ini dikenal sebagai pemimpin tentara yang sangat kuat dan handal, dan dipercaya memadamkan berbagai pemberontakan dan diantar memimpin ekspedisi ke berbagai wilayah. Sebagai balas jasa, Raja Khmer menghadiahkan wilayah Thbaung Khum untuk mereka jadikan sebagai tempat tinggal keturunan dan masyarakat Islam lainnya.</div>
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</section></section>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-61045231891916211112012-08-14T10:44:00.001-07:002012-08-14T11:48:38.195-07:00The value of a picture — Javanese genocide by Ducth Indies army<br />
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<li class="last" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <time class="updated" datetime="2012-07-12T00:00:00" pubdate="" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">JULY 12, 2012</time></li>
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<a href="http://javapost.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/ridderhof_1.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-4315 leftImage" src="http://javapost.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/ridderhof_1.jpg?w=184&h=270" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0.4em 1.4375em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Ridderhof_1" width="184" /></a><br />
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An execution?</div>
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<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The <a class="rdb-footnoted" href="http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2686/Binnenland/article/detail/3284391/2012/07/10/Eerste-foto-s-ooit-van-executies-Nederlands-leger-in-Indie.dhtml" name="rdb-footnote-link-1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Times</a> this week brought it up wide on the front page, "First picture of executions in India". As if the announcement of a new world war or concerns the discovery of the Higgs particle. The only thing missing in the header are the exclamation marks. </em><br />
<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Now it is not customary for "historic news" so widely publicized. So, you think in the first instance, must have something special going on. Upon closer inspection, it appears shaky story. The suggestion that the picture matches the best proof for atrocities committed by Dutch troops is not well founded</em> .<br />
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The news was brought nice. A passerby in Enschede had two photo albums from a Dumpster and fished issued by the city archives. The albums were there for a while gathering dust, until another passerby the archivist noted the importance of the photos, one of them in particular. Twice is coincidence, and that the photo find of the century. That should make it particularly, the Volkskrant have thought. For the reader this story is not enough to convince. There remain plenty of questions. </div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">How did this actually come in the newspaper?</strong></div>
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Adrie Roding, city archivist of Enschede, doing quite laconic about the discovery. For the <a class="rdb-footnoted" href="http://nos.nl/video/393594-de-fotos-zeggen-niet-alles-.html" name="rdb-footnote-link-2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">NOS television</a> he said that of course a particular image, but also first have to research must be done before we have too many conclusions can connect. It seems, therefore, not that he was the one that the Times has pointed to the picture. In the same short film has NIOD employee Rene Cook conclusions already drawn: the picture is unique, shocking, and soon gets all textbooks.<br />
The question of how this has come in the media is not completely unimportant, because the NIOD few weeks KITLV ago together with NIMH and a suggestion for new research into this period. Is concerned, there was a coincidence?</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If the image is so new?</strong></div>
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<a href="http://javapost.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/capa_death_of_a_loyalist_soldier.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-4316 leftImage" src="http://javapost.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/capa_death_of_a_loyalist_soldier.jpg?w=243&h=170" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0.4em 1.4375em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Capa, _Death_of_a_Loyalist_Soldier" width="243" /></a><br />
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The death of a Republican soldier. - (R. Capa, 1936)</div>
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Well, about that you can really only say something if you are sure about what you see. Images can sometimes be deceptive, but also that Cook should know. The most famous photograph of the Hungarian photographer Robert Capa, a picture of a Spanish republican soldier who fatally affected, was long regarded as the most striking image of the Spanish Civil War. Only decades later, by several historians demonstrated that the accompanying text (who, what, what) was wrong. By some it was even suggested that the picture was put in scene. The picture has not become less important because only we know not exactly what he proposes. And that is possible with this "execution-picture" of course happen.<br />
In the past, images shown in several publications of Dutch soldiers killed by Indonesians. Louis Zweers wrote the book in 1995 <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Front India</em> , dedicated to the army photographer Hugo Wilmar. The photos were therein shown again in the book <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Colonial War</em> of Cook, Somers and Zweers (2009). Such pictures are not new. The new, again, so here would lie in the fact that here we see an execution.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Is it a foreclosure?</strong></div>
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According to Cook, this is indeed an execution: "The photo was taken exactly at the right time, you really see the sand splash. Those guys are simply shot in the back. "<br />
Comparison of the "execution-picture" with the last photo from the album gives no clarity. We can not conclude that the men who were shot in the back at the other photos in the ditch. And so we do not absolutely sure if they are executed.<br />
If they at the time of taking the photos were shot in the back, because then we would see something quite different. Only the middle man has some cracks in his shirt, there is no bullet holes or blood stains. The men are still standing, even with the head upright, and therefore can not be shot in the head. At least not at that time. And so it is "dripping sand" of the bullets which Cook sees, not what we think it is. Maybe the wind, or a warning shot? We do not know. Only the posture of the men could indicate fear of being shot. But even that is no more than a interpratie. The comparison with the picture of Capa arises here in full force on.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Who took the pictures?</strong></div>
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<a href="http://javapost.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/ridderhof_2.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-4317 leftImage" src="http://javapost.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/ridderhof_2.jpg?w=187&h=300" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0.4em 1.4375em 0.5em 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Ridderhof_2" width="187" /></a><br />
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Indonesians killed in a ditch</div>
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According to Cook, and with him all the media, the photographer owns the album found Jacob R., a conscript soldier who is now deceased would be childless. In order to clarify something: we're talking about Jacob Ridderhof, trained in Ede, and sent to the Dutch East Indies in May 1947 with the 12th, 16th or 18th Field Artillery Regiment (RVA) on board the MS Johan van Oldenbarnevelt. Apart from the comments of a photo expert, we would like to know what the historians of the Dutch Institute for Military History (NIMH) about abuse. She actually know most about the troop movements of these three regiments. Of these, however, so far no comment in the media.</div>
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According to Cook, the authenticity of the photographs underlined by the fact that the amateur photos, and by linking the pictures shown here. However, this does not prove that the maker thereof Ridderhof actually was.<br />
time it happened quite often that the boys exchanged photographs themselves to at least a reminder to have moments that they felt was important. The different types of printing photographs in these albums (size, jagged edges) of witnesses here. We do not even know or Ridderhof personally witnessed the event.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Who were the victims?</strong></div>
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In another article in the Volkskrant has expressed reservations about the "victims". The author of the Memorandum Excesses, historian Cees Fasseur, says this:<br />
"It is not clear to people what it is. Are they citizens? Are they soldiers? Or gang members? It is tragic but you know nothing about the victims. Possibly indeed members of Hizbullah or Sabilillah, Islam followers who in fact a private war against the Netherlands and fought against the Indonesian Republic. It was probably no innocent civilians who were brought here from the village to be shot. These pictures say it so much but not everything. "<br />
If these pictures, as Cook says, the school pick, it would be nice if this comment of Fasseur is added thereto. That however is doubtful.</div>
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If we take the news of recent days back to the core questions, we can conclude that much has remained unclear. We do not know with certainty whether the image is of an execution, and we do not know who the victims were. We do not know who was the creator of the photos. What we do know is that these images emphasize again that it was a bloody war in which thousands of casualties. Anyway, we already knew that too, of course. The news of all this is really it is not news.</div>
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</section></section>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-25206604609900778122012-08-14T10:41:00.002-07:002012-08-14T10:41:30.075-07:00pictures of Dutch Indies army executions to Indonesian
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<b>First ever pictures of executions Dutch army in Indonesia</b></div>
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By: Lynn Nicolasen - 10/07/12, 07:35</div>
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© JAMES R. ALBUM. Three Indonesians are shot.</div>
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<b>For the first time in history, photos surfaced of executions, which were most likely carried out by the Dutch army during the police actions in the former Dutch East Indies.</b> <b>The photographs come from the private album of a soldier who served as a conscript in the Dutch East Indies.</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Sx7tXRklRHZQ_WNBz0nmA64AXzQETm1zPC6Nt6PU3PgrgeCxCbjcYJ4MOoiJDR-roXQd58PX8NtThWD95FxxahEtiw3rleMF0WJUpFE2tnDsaQJBPpqq4JSbRL_BXYWCKJqqVG9mZBs/s1600/image003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Sx7tXRklRHZQ_WNBz0nmA64AXzQETm1zPC6Nt6PU3PgrgeCxCbjcYJ4MOoiJDR-roXQd58PX8NtThWD95FxxahEtiw3rleMF0WJUpFE2tnDsaQJBPpqq4JSbRL_BXYWCKJqqVG9mZBs/s320/image003.jpg" width="245" /></a></div>
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In the pictures to see the liquidation of three Indonesians. They stand with their backs to the firing squad at the edge of a ditch when they are fired. The trench is filled with corpses of executed, according to a second photo. On the outskirts are two Dutch soldiers, recognizable by their uniform. <br />
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<b>Never before</b> <br />
Experts from the institute NIOD war and the Dutch Institute for Military History (NIMH) say such photographs never before seen. "They are not pictures everyday and it is certainly not every Indies Military these pictures brought home," said an employee of the NIMH. Even when similar pictures are NIOD unknown, said René Cook. "We have lots of albums here. You're waiting for the moment the picture pops up and it is now. Previously I have never seen. " <br />
<br />
The consulted historians do not doubt the authenticity. The exact location nor the circumstances of the execution is known. Possible further research provides more details. <br />
<br />
The author is a soldier from Enschede. He is now deceased. It was broadcast in 1947, shortly before the first police action, and he is only retrieved in 1950, after the handover. He served in the artillery. In the Corps are part of history makes no mention of executions. Supposedly, the only artillery assistance to the infantry or Special Forces, who have executions. <br />
<br />
(Text is below the second picture below)</div>
<ul class="ul1">
<li class="li5"> © James R. Album. Dead in a ditch, two Dutch soldiers watching.</li>
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<div class="p4">
Known executions in the Javanese kampong Rawagede and South Sulawesi. The families of the victims of Rawagede was last year awarded damages. The state should respond to the lawsuit filed against the extrajudicial killings in South Sulawesi. How many Indonesians in both actions just died is not known. <br />
<br />
The soldier has never publicized the existence of the photos. His albums would never have noticed if she had not recently found in a Dumpster in Enschede. Who has thrown them there, is not known. The owner of the albums was childless and would have lived only in recent years. <br />
<br />
<b>Dumpster</b> <br />
An employee of the Municipal Enschede saw the old albums are in the dumpster and decided to fish them out. The municipality of Enschede collects more pictures to the life of its own citizens to illustrate. The albums would still have been laid aside, as the archivists were not alarmed by pictures of a prison transport. At that time the album they decided to take it again where they met with the pictures of the executions. <br />
<br />
Recently three historical institutes called on the government to re-investigate the police actions between 1945 and 1950, to understand what war is conducted in Indonesia. The government has not yet responded.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-17867381018361654662012-08-14T10:20:00.001-07:002012-08-14T10:25:07.952-07:00Makam Malikus Saleh — melayuonline.com <br />
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Makam Malikus Saleh</h1>
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<b style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img class="imgFull blockImage" src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/makam-malikus-saleh-01.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A. Sejarah</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bagian awal karya sastra kesejarahan <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i> bercerita tentang asal usul dinasti yang memerintah negara “gabungan” <a class="rdb-footnoted" href="http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/history/?a=b28va0xRL1lYcXRCeDdraQ%3D%3D=" name="rdb-footnote-link-1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Samudera-Pasai</a> (Pasai sering juga ditulis sebagai “Pase”). Dikisahkan bahwa raja Samudera-Pasai yang pertama beralih menjadi penganut Islam setelah bermimpi bahwa ia bertemu dengan Nabi Muhammad SAW dan diberitahu bahwa ia akan diislamkan oleh seorang nakhoda-juru dakwah dari Arab.</span><br />
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Raja yang bermuallaf dalam hikayat tersebut adalah Sultan Malikus Saleh (sering juga ditulis sebagai Malik as-Saleh, Malik al-Saleh atau Malikul Saleh). Walaupun<i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i> sering dianggap sebagai karya kesejarahan yang mengandung dongeng atau “cerita ajaib” (lihat, misalnya, Braginsky, 1998 & Piah dkk., 2002), namun Liaw Yock Fang (1975: 207) menegaskan bahwa Malikus Saleh adalah seorang tokoh sejarah, bahwa baginda merupakan raja Pasai yang mula-mula masuk Islam, dan bahwa batu nisannya yang diimpor dari Cambay<a href="http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/438/makam-malikus-saleh#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""></a> adalah bukti yang nyata.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Batu nisan Malikus Saleh menjadi bukti bahwa pada abad ke-13 itu di Kepulauan Melayu memang telah berdiri sebuah kerajaan Islam, tepatnya di ujung utara Pulau Sumatra, karena inskripsi pada batu nisan itu diukir dalam bahasa dan aksara Arab dengan kata-kata yang khas Islam. Dengan demikian, dari sudut pandang Indonesia, dapat dikatakan bahwa kerajaan Samudera-Pasai adalah kerajaan Islam yang pertama di Indonesia.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Inskripsi tersebut juga menceritakan bahwa Sultan Malikus Saleh mangkat pada tanggal 2 Ramadhan 690 Hijriyah. Konversi waktu dari batu nisan itu menghasilkan angka tahun 1297 M, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa agama Islam telah masuk dan berpengaruh di Kepulauan Melayu pada kurun tersebut. Hal ini diperkuat oleh Hamka (dalam Osman, 1997: 8) yang mencatat bahwa pada tahun 1282, penguasa Pasai telah mengirim dua duta muslim (Husayn dan Sulaiman) ke Cina—hanya sebuah negara yang telah teratur administrasi pemerintahannya saja yang dapat menugaskan warganya menjadi duta untuk negara lain.</span></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">B. Lokasi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Batu Nisan Sultan Malikus Saleh terletak di Kompleks Makam Sultan Malikus Saleh, Desa Beuringin, Kecamatan Samudera, Kabupaten Aceh Utara, Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Batu nisan lain yang juga terdapat di dalam kompleks ini adalah batu nisan Sultan Malikus Zahir, putra dan penerusnya.</span></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">C. Deskripsi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Batu nisan Sultan Malikus Saleh memperlihatkan peralihan dari pengaruh arsitektur Buddhis ke pengaruh arsitektur Islam. Menurut Osman (ed., 1997: 247), desain batu nisan ini memperlihatkan citra yang sangat mirip dengan stupa. Walaupun bagian batangnya berbentuk persegi panjang yang tegak, namun bagian puncaknya cenderung membentuk ujung yang lancip. Pengaruh arsitektur Buddhis ini dikombinasikan dengan dekorasi berupa kaligrafi naskhi yang populer di India sekitar pertengahan abad ke-13 (Wan Ali dalam Mohamed, 2000: 68). Bahasa yang digunakan seluruhnya adalah bahasa Arab, dengan kosakata yang khas dalam agama Islam.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Inskripsi berbentuk kaligrafi tersebut artinya adalah demikian:</span></div>
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<i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Ini kubur Almarhum, yang diampuni, Yang Takwa, Pemberi Nasihat, yang dicintai, bangsawan, Yang Mulya, Yang Penyantun, Yang Penakluk, Yang digelar dengan ‘Sulthan Al-Malikussaleh‘ yang faham Agama yang berpindah (wafat) dalam bulan Ramadhan tahun 690 H”.</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img class="imgFull blockImage" src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/makam-malikus-saleh-02.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(212, 212, 212); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0.25em; position: static; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">D. Penafsiran</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Walaupun, dari sudut pandang kemelayuan yang lebih luas, kerajaan Samudera-Pasai diduga bukan merupakan kerajaan Melayu-Islam yang pertama,<a href="http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/438/makam-malikus-saleh#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""></a> namun signifikansi historis Sultan Malikus Saleh, yang dibuktikan keberadaannya oleh batu nisannya ini, sangat besar di Indonesia. Karena Kerajaan Samudera-Pasai adalah kerajaan Islam pertama di Indonesia, maka Malikus Saleh diakui sebagai raja Islam yang pertama di Indonesia. Apresiasi terhadap fakta sejarah ini terwujud antara lain dengan memberikan namanya bagi sebuah universitas di Lhokseumawe, NAD, yaitu Universitas Malikus Saleh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sosok pribadi Malikus Saleh sendiri cukup kabur. Data sejarah yang tersedia tentang sultan ini hanya batu nisannya dan catatan Hamka tentang pengiriman duta Muslim dari Pasai ke Cina pada tahun 1828 (dalam Osman, 1997: 8). Catatan Ibnu Battutah, yang pernah singgah di Sumatra, hanya sepintas lalu menyebut Malikus Saleh dan lebih banyak menyebut tentang putranya, Sultan Malikul Zahir, yang berkuasa saat sang musafir singgah di Pasai. Sedangkan narasi yang diperoleh dari <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i> dan <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sulalatus Salatin</i> (<i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i>)<i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></i>tentangnya terlalu sulit untuk diterima akal—walaupun beberapa keterangan, seperti bahwa sebelum masuk Islam ia bernama Marah Silu (atau Merah Silu), memang dapat diterima.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Walaupun demikian, konversi waktu telah dilakukan dengan cukup akurat sehingga dapat menetapkan angka 1297 M sebagai tahun mangkat sang sultan. Angka 1270 yang dibubuhkan pada papan keterangan di atas batu nisan itu oleh Disbudparpora Aceh Utara bisa dianggap sebagai tahun kelahiran Malikus Saleh. Dengan demikian Sultan Malikus Saleh memiliki usia 1297-1270 = 27 tahun. Cukup masuk akal bila pada usia itu ia mangkat dan telah memiliki seorang putra (yang kemudian menjadi raja dengan gelar Sultan Malikul Zahir). Namun, bila angka tahun itu adalah permulaan masa berkuasa, maka usianya jelas lebih dari 27 tahun.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kekaburan lain adalah tentang kondisi sosio-kultural pada masa kekuasaan Sultan Malikus Saleh. Berita perjalanan Marco Polo yang pernah singgah di Ferlec (Perlak) pada tahun 1292 hanya menceritakan sambil lalu bahwa hanya kerajaan Perlak saja, dari kedelapan kerajaan di pesisir Sumatra yang ada pada saat itu, yang sudah memperoleh pengaruh Islam. Namun, menurut Osman (ed., 1997: 147-148), Marco Polo tidak akurat karena Islam sudah mempengaruhi wilayah itu bahkan pada tahun 1204.<a href="http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/438/makam-malikus-saleh#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""></a> Osman mengajukan data bahwa raja pertama di kerajaan yang disebut sebagai “Samara” oleh Marco Polo, yang kemudian diidentifikasi sebagai kerajaan Samudera-Pasai, diislamkan oleh seorang juru dakwah-pengelana dari Arab yang bernama Syeikh Isma‘il, yang datang dari Arab melalui pantai Malabar (Osman, ed.,1997: 148).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Agaknya, keterangan Osman tentang peristiwa pengislaman raja pertama ini dipetik dari <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i>. Menariknya, peristiwa pengislaman Malikus Saleh ini juga diadopsi oleh <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i> dengan penekanan yang berbeda.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Siti Chamamah Soeratno (2002, dalam Sumitro [ed], 2002: 39) menjelaskan bahwa menurut <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i>, Pasai adalah tempat yang pertama kali menjadi kerajaan Islam.<a href="http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/438/makam-malikus-saleh#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""></a> Kedatangan Islam di wilayah ini sudah menjadi kehendak Rasulullah SAW, tokoh tertinggi dalam masyarakat Islam. Tampaknya, Rasulullah pulalah yang membawa Islam ke Pasai/Samudera, yaitu melalui tatap muka di kala tidur antara Marah Silu dengan Rasulullah. Rasulullah pula yang mensyahadatkan dan membuat Marah Silu dapat membaca Al-Qur‘an 30 juz, yaitu setelah terlebih dahulu meludahi mulut Marah Silu. Rasulullah pula yang membuat Marah Silu telah berkhitan. Islamisasi lewat peran langsung Rasulullah kiranya menunjukkan proses yang esensial bagi Pasai karena dengan demikian keislaman Pasai adalah berkat campur tangan langsung dari tokoh tertinggi dalam masyarakat Islam..</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Proses yang lain dilewati melalui tokoh fakir yang dilatari oleh sabda Rasulullah juga. Proses ini pada hakikatnya merupakan proses kelanjutan dari proses yang telah ditempuh oleh Rasulullah dan merupakan pelaksanaannya. Dalam proses inilah Marah Silu tinggal dinobatkan sehingga proses Islamisasi yang dilakukan oleh fakir ini berjalan lancar. Dalam proses yang kedua ini cukup dilaksanakan oleh seorang fakir, yaitu fakir Muhammad, bekas raja di Maabri. Dialah pula yang melanjutkan pengislaman kepada penduduk Pasai/Samudera seluruhnya (Ibid.).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chamamah selanjutnya berpendapat bahwa <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i> telah memanipulasi beberapa unsur dalam <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i> sedemikian rupa dengan tujuan untuk membina citra “kebesaran Melayu secara utuh”<a href="http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/438/makam-malikus-saleh#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""></a> sehingga citra kebesaran Pasai sebagai pusat keislaman harus dikurangi. Salah satu wujudnya adalah dengan mengeksploitasi peranan tokoh pembawa Islam yang pertama. Dalam <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i>, tokoh Rasulullah sebagai pembawa Islam yang pertama diganti dengan tokoh lain, yaitu tokoh fakir. Pemberian fungsi tersebut pada tokoh tertinggi dalam masyarakat Islam, yaitu Rasulullah, akan mencetak citra pada kesempurnaan Pasai, yang berarti bertentangan dengan citra kesempurnaan yang menurut <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i> hanya disediakan bagi Melayu (Ibid., hal. 40-41).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fungsi tersebut dibebankan juga pada bentuk kalimat yang dipakai untuk mengekspresikannya, ialah, “maka oleh fakir itu Merah Silu pun diislamkannya, dan diajarnya kalimah syahadat (VI: 72). Sengaja kalimat yang dipakai menggunakan bentuk pasif dengan menempatkan pelaku di depan sehingga terbaca bahwa pelakunya (fakir) ditegaskan. Penegasan diberikan juga dengan pemakaian kata gantinya, yaitu “-nya” sebagai bentuk pleonasme. Dari pernyataan dalam teks tersebut, jelas bahwa yang mengislamkan dan mengajar syahadat raja Pasai dalam <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i> bukan Rasulullah, melainkan hanya seorang fakir. Dalam <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i>, pada proses Islamisasi tokoh Rasulullah dimunculkan juga tetapi sesudah Merah Silu diislamkan (Ibid.).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Demikian pula halnya dengan modifikasi yang dilakukan terhadap tokoh yang menobatkan dan memberi gelar Merah Silu. Dalam teks <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i>setelah diislamkan, Merah Silu kemudian dinobatkan oleh Rasulullah lewat tatap muka di kala tidur dengan gelar Sultan Malik al Saleh (57). Pemberian peran tersebut kepada Rasulullah pastilah akan menyempurnakan citra kerajaan Pasai/Samudera. Dalam <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i>, keadaannya menjadi berlainan. Penyesuaian dengan konteks memerlukan tokoh diganti, yaitu digantikan oleh Syaikh Ismail, nakhoda kapal dari Mekah. Bagian ini pun dalam Sejarah Melayu dikemukakan jelas-jelas, “Maka oleh Syaikh Ismail segala perkasa kerajaan yang diabwanya itu semuanya diturunkannya. Maka dinamainya Sultan Malik al Saleh” (72) (Ibid.).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Deskripsi persyahadatan pun kiranya mengandung potensi bagi fungsi tematis<i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i>. Oleh karena itu, data yang terdapat dalam <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i>perlu dieksploitasi. Dalam <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i>, unsur tersebut dikemukakan secara analitis, yaitu dengan menyajikannya dalam bentuk serangkaian dialog antara Rasulullah dengan Merah Silu (57). Dengan dialog serta bentuk narasi yang analitis, kadar Islamisasi terasa tinggi, lebih tinggi daripada hanya diberitakan. Maka dalam <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i> tidak akan dikemukakan dalam bentuk yang analitis, selain karena tidak diperlukan, juga justru akan menggangu konteks. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada bagian teks berikut, “Maka oleh fakir itu Merah Silu itu pun diislamkannya dan diajarkannya kalimat syahadat”. Jadi, peristiwanya cukup “diberitakan” untuk menjadi unsur struktur dalam <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perebutan legitimasi yang terjadi antara <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i> dan <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Melayu</i>menyiratkan bahwa keduanya sama-sama memandang Marah Silu sebagai sosok yang penting sebagai raja Islam yang pertama di kawasan sekitar Sumatra. Dengan demikian, sosok ini memang historis, bukan sosok mitis.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada masa kekuasaan Sultan Malikus Saleh, agama Islam telah mulai memiliki pengaruh yang cukup besar, walaupun pengaruh itu mungkin belum sebesar pengaruh Islam pada masa kekuasaan putra dan cucunya. Namun, pertemuan Malikus Saleh dengan juru dakwah yang mengislamkannya menyiratkan kemungkinan yang sangat besar bahwa kerajaan Samudera-Pasai pada masa kekuasaannya telah menjadi salah satu tempat yang penting dalam perdagangan—bila mengingat bahwa penyebaran agama Islam oleh para juru dakwah seringkali mengikuti jalur perdagangan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Selain itu, Hamka juga mengajukan dugaan bahwa besarnya pengaruh Islam dapat terlihat pada pemberian nama yang khas Islam bagi raja pertama yang bermuallaf. Pemilihan nama gelar “Malik”, menurut Hamka (dalam Osman [ed.], 1997: 8), terinspirasi oleh nama raja dari dinasti Mameluk di Mesir, yaitu Al-Malikus Saleh Ayub.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tatkala Sultan Malikus Saleh menjelang mangkat, baginda berbaring di peraduan dan membisikkan wasiat kepada cucu-cucunya untuk “menganjurkan kebaikan dan menyingkiri kemunkaran” (<i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">al amr bi al-ma‘ruf wa al-nahy ‘an al-munkar</i>). Baginda juga menitahkan kepada para wasir, menteri, dan pejabat kerajaan, agar menobatkan putranya, al-Malik al-Mansur, menjadi penerusnya di tahta kerajaan Samudera-Pasai. Salah satu wasiat baginda kepada kerabat dan para pejabat adalah untuk menjunjung tinggi hukum-hukum Al-Qur‘an dan mencegah diri dari melakukan perbuatan yang bertentangan dengan syariah.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sesudah mangkat, baginda Sultan Malikus Saleh dikebumikan di tempat yang sekarang merupakan bagian dari desa Beuringin.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(An. Ismanto/sej/02/06-09)</span></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sumber Bacaan:</span></b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buku</span></i></b></div>
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<li class="first" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Braginsky, K.I., 1998. <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yang Indah, Berfaedah dan Kamal Sejarah Sastra Melayu Dalam Abad 7-19</i>. Jakarta: INIS</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Harun Mat Piah dkk (ed.), 2002. <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Traditional Malay Literature</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jones, Russell, 1999. <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hikayat Raja Pasai</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Yayasan Karyawan dan Penerbit Fajar Bakti</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Liaw Yock Fang, 1975. <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Kesusastraan Melayu Klasik</i>. Singapura: Pustaka Nasional Singapura</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mohd. Taib Osman (ed.), 1997. <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Malay Civilization in the Malay World</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka & The Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Noriah Mohamed, 2000. <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sejarah Sosiolinguistik Bahasa Melayu Lama</i>. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia</span></li>
<li class="last" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sunaryo Purwo Sumitro (ed.), 2002. <i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dari Samudera Pasai ke Yogyakarta</i>. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Masyarakat Sejarawan Indonesia & Sinergi Press.</span></li>
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<b style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berita</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sumber foto:</span> <a class="rdb-footnoted" href="http://syahmin.net/?p=184" name="rdb-footnote-link-2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(215, 220, 223); border: 0px; color: #9c0001; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://syahmin.net/?p=184</a></span></div>
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</section></section>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-63587820392144781652012-08-14T10:16:00.001-07:002012-08-14T10:16:04.405-07:00ROHINGYA ARAKANESE REFUGEE COMMITTEE: Some Photos on Rohingya GEnocide<a href="http://arrcinfo.blogspot.com/2012/06/some-photos-on-rohingya-genocide.html">ROHINGYA ARAKANESE REFUGEE COMMITTEE: Some Photos on Rohingya GEnocide</a>: <br />
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<a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk" style="font-size: 13px;">'via Blog this'</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-18496057540386185292012-08-11T11:57:00.001-07:002012-08-11T11:57:16.615-07:00MindaNews » COMMENT: Electoral System and Autonomy<a href="http://www.mindanews.com/mindaviews/comment/2012/08/11/comment-electoral-system-and-autonomy/">MindaNews » COMMENT: Electoral System and Autonomy</a>: <br />
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<a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk" style="font-size: 13px;">'via Blog this'</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-46922199366826813212012-08-07T12:01:00.001-07:002012-08-07T12:01:09.567-07:00Malaysia/Burma: Living In Limbo - Background<a href="http://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/malaysia/maybr008-01.htm">Malaysia/Burma: Living In Limbo - Background</a>: <br />
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<a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk" style="font-size: 13px;">'via Blog this'</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-50236174011577631642012-07-24T10:29:00.000-07:002012-07-24T10:46:45.405-07:00Aceh political history since the independent<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><u>Post-Independence Indonesia</u></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />After its independence, Indonesia adopted a new constitution providing for a parliamentary system of government. A failure by the constituent assembly to develop a new constitution further weakened the parliamentary system with an already divided parliament among various political parties. As a result, President Sukarno met little opposition in 1959 when he revived the 1945 constitution providing for broad presidential powers.<br /><br />From 1959 to 1965, Indonesia was under the authoritarian regime of President Sukarno. During this period, Indonesia's relations with the Asian communist countries were close, and domestically, the Indonesian government was close with the Indonesian Communist Party, or PKI. By 1965, many of the mass civic and cultural organizations were controlled by the party. With Sukarno's acquiescence, the PKI began a campaign to establish a "fifth column" by arming its supporters, but it was resisted by army leaders. On Oct. 1, 1965, PKI sympathizers within the military, including elements from Sukarno's palace guard, occupied key locations in Jakarta and kidnapped and murdered six senior generals. Consequently, army troops led by Maj. Gen. Suharto obtained control of the capital.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />In the year following the Oct. 1, 1965, revolt, Indonesia was unstable. Violence was rampant, and tens of thousands of alleged communists in rural areas were killed by rightist gangs. As a result of this bloody past, the Communist Party was banned in Indonesia.<br /><br />During this period, President Sukarno tried, but failed, to retrieve his job as president and to return the country to a state of law and order. At that time, Maj. Gen. Suharto became head of the armed forces, and he forced President Sukarno, who remained president in name, to hand the key political and military powers to him. In March 1967, the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly put Sukarno under house arrest until his death in 1970 and named the general acting president. In 1968, the People's Consultative Assembly formally selected Suharto to a full five-year term as president. He was re-elected for the next six terms in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993 and 1998.<br /><br />After coming to power, President Suharto reversed many of Sukarno's policies and initiated a "New Order" in the country. With economic rehabilitation as its priority, Indonesia's New Order secured a rescheduling of foreign debts and attracted aid through an intergovernmental group of donor countries. The complex regulations governing economic activities were simplified, and a new foreign investment law in 1967 provided a framework for new private capital investment. In addition to economic development under new economic policies, Indonesia enjoyed political stability during the Suharto administration, which was supported by military power.<br /><br /><br /><u>The 1990s</u><br />In 1993, Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of the former President Sukarno, became candidate for the Indonesian Democratic Party, the opposition group, and later she was elected chairperson of the party. In 1996, in response to her popular support, the Suharto administration acted to remove her from the party chairperson position. This action resulted in nationwide rioting and protesting that was suppressed by the government's security forces.<br /><br />In mid-1997, economic crisis swept across Asian countries, and Indonesia was also affected by the crisis. Economic hardship and popular resentment to the government's corruption brought Indonesia into turmoil. The country saw student demonstrations as well as public unrest. As a consequence, President Suharto was forced to resign May 21, 1998, when he handed over power to Vice President Habibie.<br /><br />After taking the reins, President Habibie lost no time assembling a cabinet and implementing a series of political and economic policies. Several prominent political and labor prisoners were released, controls were lifted on the press, political parties and labor unions and economic stabilization became one of the main tasks of government. President Habibie promised to hold new elections, and a special session of the People's Consultative Assembly was held in November 1998, setting the date of parliamentary elections at June 1999.<br /><br /><u><br />Elections of 1999</u><br />On June 7, 1999, Indonesia held elections for the national, provincial and subprovincial parliaments, with 48 parties participating and competing in the elections. The elections were deemed to be the first "mostly free and fair" elections since 1955. But despite being characterized in this way, the poll results were not confirmed for nearly two months after the election.<br /><br />Although the election results were released to the public July 16, 1999, the General Election Commission refused to approve the final vote count. The 53-member commission was composed of one representative from each of the 48 parties that contested the election, plus five government-appointed members. According to the law, two-thirds of the election commission members had to approve results before they are considered final and official.<br /><br />As well, twenty-eight representatives, mostly from the smaller parties, refused to endorse the results, asserting that problems with the conduct of the election had not been investigated thoroughly. Critics suggested these representatives were less concerned with the conduct of the election than with the impact of the results on their political futures. Indonesia had a two percent threshold rule: Any party that failed to receive at least two percent of the total vote in an election could not stand in the next election. Thus, the failure to obtain parliamentary seats in 1999 would result in the dissolution of a number of these smaller parties. Clearly, for many of candidates associated with these smaller groups were keen on extending the process as long as necessary to ensure that they had crossed the two percent threshold.<br /><br />These repeated delays adversely affected the Indonesian stock market and generated widespread protests and demonstrations against what many Indonesians perceived as an attempt by the ruling Golkar party to "fix" the results. At times, these demonstrations turned violent, involving police and members of the armed forces.<br /><br />Finally, on Aug. 3, 1999, the election results were confirmed when President Habibie intervened, overruled the election commission, and declared the results valid. The primary opposition party, Megawati Sukarnoputri's Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (known by the acronym PDI-P), won 33.7 percent of the vote, and the ruling party, Golkar, gained 22.4 percent of the vote. Next in line, the National Awakening Party garnered 12.6 percent. The United Development Party gained 10.7 percent, and the National Mandate Party 7.1 percent. Four smaller parties received a combined 13.5 percent.<br /><br />Although parliamentary seats were not immediately apportioned, it was expected that Megawati Sukarnoputri's party, the PDI-P, would receive about 154 seats. Because it was short of a majority, a multiparty coalition government was anticipated. Indeed, in the aftermath of voting for representatives, the country faced a period of intense political wrangling over the formation of a governing coalition and, in addition, over the upcoming presidential election.<br /><br />Then, on Oct. 20, 1999, the People's Consultative Assembly chose Abdurrahman Wahid of the National Awakening Party as president, and he named a cabinet six days later. By November 1999, Megawati Sukarnoputri from the PDI-P was made vice president, indeed, initiating a coalition government.<br /><br /><br /><u>Political Developments from 1999-2001</u><br /><br />The new government was faced with several rather daunting challenges. The Indonesian economy was still suffering some of the after-effects of the Asian financial crisis of 1997 and rampant corruption associated with the "crony capitalism" of the Suharto era. Calls for independence arose from provinces other than East Timor, and violence between ethnic and religious groups was expanding and escalating. The new government also had to decide what to do about former President Suharto's alleged illegal assets.<br /><br />As for the investigation of Suharto's financial wealth, the Habibie administration's inquiries had produced no evidence of wrongdoing. The findings were met with suspicion and calls for further investigation both in Indonesia and abroad. An inquiry was temporarily suspended July 22, 1999, after Suharto suffered what was being called a minor stroke. Under President Wahid, the new coalition government continued investigating Suharto's money after coming into power.<br /><br />In March 2000, Muhammad Hasan, former minister of trade and industry in the Suharto administration, was placed under detention by the attorney general's office after being declared a suspect in a Ministry of Forest Fund corruption case. In April 2000, Indonesian Attorney General Marzuki Darusman repeated his appeal to the Swiss government to help the Indonesian authorities find former President Suharto's financial wealth, which might be hidden in that country. The former ruler is suspected of abusing his power and authority in issuing decrees and government regulations to amass funds through seven tax-free charity foundations, which he set up and chaired during 32 years in office. Suharto was placed under city arrest for 20 days April 13, 2000, and was prohibited from leaving the country for a year. Then on May 2, Indonesia's attorney general's office extended the city arrest of Suharto by another 20 days to continue its investigation.<br /><br />Suharto had been questioned twice in April, but both times questioning was cut short after doctors insisted he was too ill to continue. The attorney general's office also confiscated documents relating to the Supersemar Foundation, one of seven charitable foundations chaired by Suharto. In early August, after months of investigation, Suharto was formally charged with corruption for taking $400 million from the charities he controlled. After that, the Indonesian government began confiscating some of his assets, as well as questioning Suharto's children for corruption. However, the trial of the former ruler has been delayed several times following medical reports saying he was too ill to stand trial. Meanwhile, Suharto's youngest son, Tommy Suharto, has been on the run since being declared a fugitive Nov. 3, 2000, after failing to surrender to authorities to serve a jail sentence for corruption.<br /><br />As for the role of the military in Indonesian politics, there were changes since President Wahid came into office. Under the three-decade rule of former President Suharto, the Indonesian military adopted a dual function, which allowed it to meddle in the affairs of the civilian state while also maintaining national security. A block of seats was reserved for the military in parliament, and officers were given key positions in the cabinet, the bureaucracy and state companies. President Wahid moved to scale down the power of the military after he took office in 1999, and the military also promised to be out of politics and concentrate on the defense of the nation. The number of the seats reserved in parliament for the military and the police was reduced from 100 to 38, and the military will no longer maintain day-to-day law and order but instead leave that to the police.<br /><br />In August 2000, the People's Consultative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment on the military's presence in parliament until 2009, which surprised and caused anger from human rights organizations in Indonesia because the military had been expected to be phased out in the parliament before the next election in 2004.<br /><br />In April 2000, President Wahid sacked two key economic ministers from his cabinet. The two ministers were Yusuf kalla, the minister of trade, industry and investment from the former ruling Golkar, and Laksamana Sukardi, the minister of state enterprises from the PDI-P. After this, the parliament demanded an explanation from the president, who at first said he fired the ministers because of lack of cooperation with other members of the economic team. Later he said both were suspected of corruption. Not satisfied with the president's explanation, many members of the People's Consultative Assembly accused the president of breaching promises to be democratically accountable. Eventually, the issue escalated to a political standoff between the president and the parliament.<br /><br />At the Assembly's annual session held in early August, the president was criticized not only by the members not of his party but also by his supporters - the Muslim political parties. President Wahid made a speech apologizing to the 700-member Assembly for weak leadership over 10 months in office and announcing he would give more power to run the government to the vice president. Under the power-sharing agreement, Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri, while reporting to the president, would take on the daily running of the government such as setting government priorities, chairing cabinet meetings and monitoring policy implementation. In late August, President Wahid reshuffled his cabinet, reducing it from 35 to 26 members. The shake-up was aimed at addressing complaints that his government had been ineffectual and lacked cooperation, particularly in resolving separatist violence and rebuilding the economy.<br /><br />On Feb. 1, 2001, the Indonesian parliament passed a censure memorandum implicating President Wahid in two corruption scandals. Based on a special legislative committee's seven-month investigation, the president was alleged to have played a role in the embezzlement of $4 million from the employees' welfare fund of the Bulog, the national food agency. The president also was inconsistent in his explanation of a $2 million gift from the Sultan of Brunei. According to the constitution, President Wahid would have three months to respond to the censure. If legislators were not satisfied with the president's response, the House of Representatives would issue a second and final memorandum. After that, if legislators still not satisfied, the Assembly would start impeachment proceedings.<br /><br />Since he was censured, President Wahid had been under growing pressure to resign. In mid-March, at least 10,000 Indonesian students demonstrated outside the presidential palace calling for his resignation. But Wahid himself stood firm amid protests. He appeared determined to hang on to his power, saying that if he was forced from power, the country would disintegrate. However, his determination to stay in power proved weak in terms of national integrity because fears of disintegration were widespread and Wahid had shown himself incapable of solving problems.<br /><br />Charged with corruption, President Wahid denied wrongdoing, and in April, he was censured a second time. Since he had refused to respond to the two censures by parliament, on May 31, the parliament called for a special session of the Assembly to impeach him for corruption and incompetence on August 1. Later, Wahid set July 20 as a deadline to declare a state of emergency if parliament continued impeachment proceedings. In response, the Assembly chief Amien Rais said he would call a snap impeachment hearing if a state of emergency was declared.<br /><br />On July 22, 2001, President Wahid declared a state of emergency, aimed at dissolving the parliament to prevent the impeachment proceeding and to hold his presidential seat. However, the declaration of the state of emergency was ignored by both the police and the military, and then it was rejected by the Indonesian Supreme Court. Just hours afterward, the Indonesian parliament voted overwhelmingly to dismiss Wahid from office by launching a fast-tracking impeachment proceeding. Within minutes of the vote to force him out, the parliament swore in Megawati Sukarnoputri as the fifth president of the Republic of Indonesia.<br /><br />In this way, Indonesia's first democratically elected president had been impeached by the parliament after less than two years in power. When President Wahid took office, there were high expectations for him to strengthen democracy, end civil unrest and enhance economic recovery. But little had changed in the economy since the outbreak of the crisis. The nation continued to be wracked by separatist and religious violence problems. Many members of the Assembly who elected Wahid as president had turned against him, accusing him of incompetence, lack of consistency, corruption and nepotism.<br /><br />To the relief of most Indonesians and international society, the transition of power in Indonesia was smooth and without violence. Though still voicing defiance, Wahid finally left the presidential place July 26, 2001 on a trip to the United States for medical treatment.<br /><br /><br /><u>A New Government</u><br />The new president was faced with pressing problems. Megawati Sukarnoputri's first priority was to restore political stability and smooth relations between the executive and the legislature that were strained under Wahid. Economic recovery and national integrity were other key tasks for the new government. President Megawati Sukarnoputri took over a shattered economy burdened with debt repayments larger than Indonesia's gross deomestic product (GDP). As for national integrity, in the past few years since the fall of former President Suharto, from one end of the archipelago to the other, Indonesia has seen increasing violence between ethnic and religious groups as well as a separatist movement. The Megawati Sukarnoputri government also has to decide whether to proceed with corruption charges against former President Suharto, who has so far evaded prosecution for reason of health. His son, Tommy Suharto, who has been named as the key suspect in the killing of a judge, managed to evade capture for some time. All these challenges demanded a strong and united government.<br /><br />A few days after Megawati Sukarnoputri took office, the Indonesian parliament voted Hamzah Haz as the new vice president. Haz had been the leader of the third-largest party in parliament, the Muslim-based United Development Party. Like former President Wahid, he was identified with Muslim traditionalism. As President Megawati Sukarnoputri's deputy, Haz's election as vice president was seen as a positive power balance between the Muslims and the nationalists represented by the president's party PDI-P. On August 9, President Megawati Sukarnoputri announced her new cabinet. As expected, the president's own party held the largest number of cabinet seats. But other members of the new cabinet included a number of nonparty technocrats, led by the economist Dorodjatun Kuntoro-Jakti, who took on the role of chief economic and finance minister. A number of former military officers were also included in the cabinet.<br /><br />In late August 2001, Indonesia signed a new deal with the International Monetary Fund, or IMF, which revived a $5 billion loan package. The signing of the new deal with the IMF indicated restoration of Indonesia's relationship with the fund, which was strained under former President Wahid. The deal was expected to boost President Megawati Sukarnoputri's efforts to lead the country out of its economic crisis.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For all of its lack of attention to terrorism (discussed below), the Megawati Sukarnoputri administration made the fight against corruption a top priority. The administration declared the Speaker of the Parliament, Akbar Tanjung, a suspect in a multimillion-dollar corruption scandal in which money for charitable funds from the state food distribution agency, Bulog, was embezzled to finance the Golkar party's 1999 election campaign. Fellow Golkar party members feared that the results of the investigation of Tanjung activities might do irreparable damage to the party's image, so much that the country's second largest political party might be forced to dissolve altogether.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><br /><u>Elections of 2004</u></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By late August 2003, Indonesia's national general election commission announced it would hold its first direct presidential elections in July 2004. Voters would be able to vote directly for a vice-president, officials said. Previously, Indonesian presidents were elected by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), which is Indonesia's supreme legislature, but which decided to devolve that power to the people. Analysts were predicting that incumbent President Megawati Sukarnoputri would be the strongest presidential candidate.<br /><br />In general elections in the spring of 2004, Indonesia's two biggest political parties appeared to be in a two-way race to the finish. With only a small portion of the votes counted, President Megawati Sukarnoputri's PDI-P party had garnered 20.5 percent of the votes while the former ruling party Golkar had acquired 19.9 percent. The outcome for the country's two smaller parties was thought to show a movement away from the president's PDI-P party and indicated trends in anticipation of the presidential election to be held in July.<br /><br />In July, as Indonesia's first direct presidential election took place, votes were in the process of being tallied. Early indications suggested that no single candidate would garner more than 50 percent of the votes cast, thus triggering a run-off election in September between the two candidates with the largest number of votes.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />According to opinion polls just prior to the election, former General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, a security minister in President Megawati Sukarnoputri's government until March, was viewed to be front-runner. For her part, President Megawati Sukarnoputri was battling to stay in the race with a second place finish. Having promised reform in 2001 when she came to power, she was now seen as a disappointing leader who had done little to deal with unemployment, corruption or even separatist activities in places such as Aceh. The president's main rival for a second-place finish was General Wiranto. The ex-military leader had been supported by the Golkar Party. He faced some obstacles related to human rights abuse allegations regarding his role in the conflict with East Timor. Reformer and National Assembly Speaker Amien Rais was on track for a fourth place finish despite analysts' regard for him as being the most effective and thoughtful campaigner. Vice-President Hamzah Haz was likely to remain in fifth place after all the votes were counted.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Indonesia's Election Commission said the results would be announced within 10 days -- most unlike the officialization process that ensued in the previous elections several years prior. Meanwhile, a recount was taking place in certain provinces where ballots were punched twice by mistake. Overall, international observers, including former United States President Jimmy Carter, said the election took place smoothly and without irregularities or violence. <br /><br />Following the announcement by the Election Commission of the election results, officials said that Indonesia would hold a second run-off election later. The announcement of the election results had been delayed for several hours as a result of a small explosion caused by a bomb, which resulted in no injuries.<br /><br />Results from the first round gave former General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono the plurality of votes but not an absolute majority. In the run-off election, he was to face incumbent President Megawati Sukarnoputri, who beat former army head General Wiranto of the Golkar party. Although Yudhoyono had been favored to win the September poll, thus propelling him into the presidency, the race was thought to be competitive, if Megawati Sukarnoputri could consolidate support from Golkar voters.<br /><br />Official results from the first round of voting were as follows -- Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono - 33.5 percent; Megawati Sukarnoputri - 26.6 percent; Gen Wiranto - 22.2 percent; Amien Rais - 14.7 percent; and Hamzah Haz - 3 percent.<br /><br />In the runoff vote, incumbent Megawati Sukarnoputri was set to lose office, while retired army general Susio Bambang Yudhoyono was on course to win. Indeed, in October when results were finally tallied, <span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">Yudhoyono won a clear-cut victory. </span></span> Yudhoyono had campaigned on the basis of fighting the terrorism threat in Indonesia.<br /><br />Precise results from the General Election Commission officially announced that Yudhoyono garnered 69.27 million votes, or 60.62 percent of the total, counted ballots from the Sept. 20 runoff in all 32 provinces, while incumbent president Megawati Sukarnoputri acquired 44. 99 million votes, or 39.38 percent. The new president was to be sworn in by the highest lawmaking body on Oct. 20. A new cabinet was later formed.<br /><br /><br /><u>Special Entry: Tsunami disaster in Asia with a focus on Indonesia</u></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />A massive earthquake in southeastern Asia in the last days of 2004 gave rise to tsunamis in the Indian Ocean, which has so far left hundreds of thousands of people dead across the region. Estimates suggest that the total death toll has topped 200,000 with 174,000 dead in Indonesia alone. Earlier reports said fewer had died, however, as of early 2005, the death toll steadily increased as thousands remain missing and survivors are at risk, with little water, food or shelter.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />The epicenter of the catastrophe was the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, the worst-affected country with an estimated death toll of over 94,000. Indonesia suffered devastation first from the earthquake and then from tsunami waves. Aceh appeared to have been worst hit part of Indonesia with several thousands of people reported as dead or missing. Other estimates suggested that as many as one in four people in Aceh may be either dead or missing. Relief workers were concentrating their efforts on the recovery of bodies in Aceh in the early days after the disaster hit, in order to prevent the spread of disease. Relief supplies were also being dropped in the area, however, the delivery of aid and humanitarian relief efforts to this devastated region was marred in some measure by political conflict. In January 2005 alone, the Indonesian military was embroiled in an offensive against separatist rebels, whichl eft over 200 dead.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />The United Nations was reported to have sent workers to the area to help with rescue and humanitarian aid efforts. The European Union, as well as several individual countries, dispensed several millions in aid money for rescue and relief efforts. Japan committed more than $500 million in relief funds making it the largest single donor. The United States also offered support and increased its offering of aid following an international outcry against its modest initial contribution.<br /><br />As Indonesia worked to recover from the tsunami, a massive earthquake in Indonesia on March 28, 2005, measuring about 8.2 on the Richter scale, wrought devastation on the island of Sumatra. The epicenter of the earthquake, off Sumatra's coastline, was also affected by the tsunami of late 2004. There were concerns that a similar tsunami might be triggered and as such, alerts sounded across the Indian Ocean resulting in mass evacuations. Although no tsunami occurred, the destruction in Sumatra was significant with thousands feared dead.<br /><br />In mid-2005, a peace deal provided for post-tsunami reconstruction aid in Aceh.<br /><br /><br /><u>Recent Political Developments</u>In December 2005, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono announced a shuffle within his economic team. In the shuffle, Aburizal Bakrie was replaced by an experienced technocrat, Budiono, as the Coordinating Minister for the Economy. Aburizal Bakrie was rotated from Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs to Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare. Meanwhile, Sri Mulyani was moved from State Minister of National Development Planning to Minister of Finance while Fahmi Idris was shifted from Minister of Manpower and Transmigration to Minister of Industry. As well, Erman Suparno was named Minister of Manpower and Transmigration while Paskah Suzetta was appointed State Minister of National Development Planning. Those fired from the cabinet included: Minister of Finance Yusuf Anwar, Minister of Industry Andung Nitimihardjar and Co-ordinating Minister for People's Welfare Alwi Shihab. But Susilo said that Alwi Shihab was to be named as his Advisor and Special Envoy for Cooperation with Middle East countries as well as the Organization of Islamic Conference and the Islamic Development Bank. As well, Yusuf Anwar was to be named as ambassador to "an important country."<br /><br />In May 2006, Indonesian prosecutors submitted a letter that effectively closed the criminal case for corruption against former President Suharto. Attorney-General Abdul Rahman Saleh said that the decision not to prosecute Suharto was made on the basis of the former president's failing health. He said, "The graft case against the defendant, Suharto, has been closed. Based on a health check by his team of doctors, Suharto's health is not good, his condition deteriorates." Meanwhile, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono made his own announcement saying that he intended to delay action related to the legal status of Suharto.<br /><br />Accused of embezzling more than $600 million in state funds during his three decades in power, charges were first brought against Suharto several years earlier. He was able to sidestep trial because of the argument that a number of strokes had left him mentally incapacitated. Already in his mid-80s, Suharto underwent surgery only days before the aforementioned announcements by the Attorney-General Saleh and President Yudhoyono.<br /><br /><br /><u>Special Entry: Natural Disasters of 2006</u></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On May 27, 2006, a strong earthquake struck a densely populated area of the Indonesian island of Java. The earthquake, measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale, affected Java's south coast most acutely but the worst devastation was in the town of Bantul, just south of Indonesia's ancient royal capital city of Yogyakarta. By May 29, 2006, the death toll surpassed 5,000, with more than 10,000 injured and approximately 200,000 believed to have been displaced. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />For the first few days after the earthquake struck, there was a desperate search for survivors. As well, local medical facilities were overwhelmed by the influx of thousands of people with grave injuries. Indeed, in Java, hospitals were so crowded that hundreds of victims had to be treated outside. Field clinics were being set up to relieve some of the pressure on hospitals, but there were worries that medical supplies could run short before the arrival of aid.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono traveled to Yogyakarta to lead the rescue efforts, and called on rescue personnel to work around the clock in the hopes of saving as many lives as possible. United Nations (U.N.) Secretary General Kofi Annan expressed his sadness over the tragedy and promised that a United Nations disaster response team was standing ready to assist with humanitarian and relief efforts. Javier Solana, the chief diplomat from the European Union (EU), expressed solidarity with the people of Indonesia, saying, "I feel very close to your grief in these difficult moments." A telegram sent by The Vatican on behalf of Pope Benedict, who was in Poland at the time, conveyed condolences and called on rescue personnel "to persevere in their efforts to bring relief and support."</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />The Red Cross declared that it was trying to raise $10 million for relief. For its part, Unicef announced that it was sending emergency supplies including tents, tarpaulins and hygiene kits to the areas in Indonesia hardest hit. The World Food Programme said that it was sending both a rapid assessment team and humanitarian aid to the area.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Among the international community, aid efforts were ramping up to respond to Indonesia's earthquake crisis. The United Kingdom (U.K.) led the way by pledging $5.5 million. Hilary Benn, the International Development Secretary for the U.K., announced that the funds would come from the unspent money slated originally for aid following the Asian tsunami in late 2004. The EU's Development Commissioner Louis Michel said that it would release $3 million at once to ensure that there would be "immediate funding available for essential relief activities." As well, officials from British Embassy and the Swiss Foreign Ministry in Jakarta were traveling Yogyakarta to assess the devastation. Canada, China, Australia and the United States each pledged $2 million. Several other countries, such as Italy, pledged medical services and supplies as well as emergency and aid provisions. Norway, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and South Korea were sending rescue teams, paramedics and doctors. Turkey, whose emergency response team has been stationed in Indonesia since the tsunami of 2004, promised its services.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />The proximity of the epicenter of the earthquake to the ancient city of Yogyakarta caused great concern. There were reports that one of Indonesia's most significant ancient temple grounds was damaged as a result of the earthquake. The temple complex, which was more than 1,000 years old, had been classified by the United Nations as a world heritage site. Early assessments suggested that stone walls and statues had collapsed at the site of the Hindu Prambanan temple.<br /><br />In July 2006, another earthquake -- this time just off the island of Java -- triggered a tsunami, which killed hundreds of people. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.2 and was centered on the town of Pangandaran. Coming only a few years after the devastating tsunami of late 2004 that resulted in mass destruction and hundreds of thousands of lives in countries across the Indian Ocean, there was some criticism about this latest occurence. Specifically, critics wondered about why an efficient tsunami warning system had not been developed.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Early 2007 saw no reprieve from natural disasters with floods in the capital city of Jakarta resulting in the deaths of scores of people and homelessness for thousands of others.<br /><br /><br /><u>In Focus: The Threat of Radical Islam</u>The events of September 11, 2001 triggered a wave of anti-American feelings among Indonesian militant Muslims. Protests were staged outside the United States (U.S.) embassies and leaders of hard-line Islamic groups threatened to sweep the country of American nationals and attack the American embassy should the U.S. attack Afghanistan. Some even threatened to retaliate with a jihad on the U.S. in case of a U.S. military strike. While the threats and protests never amounted to anything violent, the new government was placed in a precarious position where it had to appease the Islamic constituents in its own country and maintain its diplomatic ties with the U.S.<br /><br />Indonesia's radical Islamic groups and connections to international terrorism placed the country in the international spotlight. In early 2002, Indonesia received severe criticism from Singapore for not doing enough to apprehend those connected to terrorist cells. Indonesian authorities had argued that the possibility of terrorists taking refuge in their country was slim but in December 2001, Indonesia admitted there was evidence of al-Qaida activities on Sulawesi island. Other islands where fighting between Christian and Muslim factions occur have been seen as a training ground for al Qaida fighters.<br /><br />Meanwhile, Islamic militants on South Sulawesi and in Java were demanding the implementation of Shari'a law on the respective islands. This movement threatened the peaceful cohabitation of the Indonesian people in that region.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indonesia's lush tropical paradise of Bali was the site of a series of horrific terrorist attacks by Islamic militants in October 2002. Approximately 188 people were killed. Most of the victims were Australians, however, Europeans, New Zealanders, Singaporeans and Americans were killed in a blast at a popular nightspot. Like many recent acts of terrorism since September 11, 2001, al-Qaida -- Osama bin Laden's terrorist enclave -- was blamed, however, no group officially claimed responsibility at the time. A group called Jemmah Islamiah, which was allegedly linked to al-Qaida, was eventually identified possibly being responsible. Jemmah Islamiah was founded by two Indonesian clerics; the group's objective is to establish a pan-Islamic state across South Asia.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indonesia then came under fire from its surrounding South Asian neighbors for failing to do enough to deal with radical Islamist elements within its borders.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the wake of the Bali bombings, Indonesia's two largest Islamic organizations agreed to support a new anti-terrorism decree giving security forces much needed power to fight terrorists. The laws provide for detention without trial, as well as the death penalty, for those convicted of terrorism. Indonesia hoped to make up for its poor record of dealing with terrorism with these sorts of strict measures.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In August 2003, another terrorist attack -- this time at a Marriott Hotel in Jakarta -- left ten people dead and several injured. The attack was believed to have been carried out by the militant Islamic group Jemmah Islamiah. As noted above, the group was believed to have carried out bombings in Bali. The apparent similarities between the Jakarta attack and the Bali bombing -- detonation by mobile phone and the chemical mixture of the explosives -- seemed to lend credence to the view that both attacks were carried out by the same group.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although not conclusively confirmed, the Indonesian Defense Minister Matori Abdul Djalil asserted that the group was also linked with the terrorist group, al-Qaida. He observed that the members of Jemma Islamiah may have trained with al-Qaida members in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The foreign ministry of Pakistan called for greater information sharing on such matters and did not deny that terrorist training may have taken place on Pakistani soil. The foreign ministry of Afghanistan said that it was hardly surprising that such terrorists may have been trained in that country during the time of Taliban rule.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a related development, Imam Samudra, who was accused of orchestrating the Bali attacks, thanked prosecutors for demanding his death sentence.<br /><br />A year later, in September 2004, a string of terrorist attacks hit Indonesia. In one case, a huge explosion blasted the Australian Embassy in Jakarta. The motive for targeting Australia was believed to be either its support of the war in Iraq, or its role in East Timor’s liberation from Indonesia. The terrorist group Jemaah Islamiah (JI), which (as noted above) has been linked to the notorious al-Qaida terrorist network, claimed responsibility for the attack which left nine people dead and 180 injured.<br /><br />In May 2005, a bombing at a market in the town on Tentena, within the Poso region on the island of Sulawesi, left 22 people dead and 40 injured. In the aftermath of the attack, security was intensified across Sulawesi with police establishing roadblocks for the purpose of hunting down the bombers. The Poso region has been the site of sectarian violence between Christians and Muslims since 1998. A peace deal was signed in 2001, however, sporadic violence has continued since that time nonetheless. The Indonesian government has released statements suggesting that it believes the attack was carried out by terrorists and was intended to spark further sectarian violence.<br /><br />On October 1, 2005, three successive suicide bombings left around 20 people dead and more than 100 wounded in resort areas of Kuta and Jimbaran in Bali. Most of casualties were Indonesians, however, Australians, Japanese, South Koreans and Americans were also said to be among those killed and injured. The attacks came three years after bombings at Bali nightclubs killed over 200 people. Indonesian investigators said that the attacks appeared to be the work of the regional Islamic terrorist group, Jemaah Islamiah (JI), which was also responsible for the aforementioned 2002 attacks in Bali.<br /><br />The police chief, Made Mangku Pastika said that there were traces of explosive materials attached to the bodies of suspects, thus indicating that suicide bombers had carried out the attacks. The identity of one possible suspect captured attention when video footage taken by tourists in one of the bombed restaurants showed a man dressed in black shirt and jeans with something on his back. His visage disappeared from the footage just prior to the bright flash of the exploding bomb. The footage on the screen that followed depicted black smoke, but the screams of people could also be heard in the background. It was hoped that the film footage would help in identifying the suspected suicide bombers. To this end, Indonesian police also released pictures of three decapitated heads, presumably of the suicide bombers, in the hopes the</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">jarring imagery would also motivate people to step forward with information.<br /><br />Meanwhile, two key leaders in Jemaah Islamiah -- Malaysian fugitives Azahari Bin Husin and Noordin Mohamed Top-- were named as the possible masterminds behind the attacks. Both individuals have been on Indonesia’s most wanted list and have been linked with previous attacks. One of the two individuals was believed to be a bomb maker while the other was thought to be in charge of militant recruitment.<br /><br />In June 2006, Abu Bakar Ba'asyir -- a Muslim cleric convicted over the 2002 nightclub bombings in Bali -- was released from prison. Abu Bakar Ba'asyir had been found guilty in March 2005 of conspiracy regarding the bomb plot, however, more serious charges were either dropped or overturned. Security and terrorism experts have alleged that the cleric was a founding member of the extremist Islamic group, Jemaah Islamiah (JI), which has been blamed for several terrorist attacks in southeast Asia in recent years. For his part, the cleric has claimed that some of the terrorist attacks, including a second bombing in Bali in 2005, ensued while he was in prison. He has also charged that he was a victim of a plot to undermine Islam. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />For his part, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono vowed to strengthen his government's resolve to fight terrorism.<br /><br />In July 2007, Zarkasih, the leader of the extremist Islamic group, Jemaah Islamiah (JI), to which several acts of terrorism have been attributed, was captured by police. In addition, Abu Dujana, the head of JI's military wing, was also taken into custody. The capture of these two key figures marked a significant victory for the Indonesian authorities in their efforts against the violent threat of militant Islam. <br /><br /><br /><u>Recent Developments</u><br />The start of 2008 saw former Indonesian President Suharto critically ill and in the throes of organ failure, as doctors frantically working to save his life. By late January 2008, those efforts were unsuccessful and Suharto passed away. Regarded as a strongman who ruled the country for three decades, Suharto was credited with leading a thriving economy and increasing the standard of living in the 1970s and 1980s. But he was also condemned for a corrupt regime, and blamed for massive human rights abuses under his tenure. Indeed, thousands of people died in Papua, Aceh and East Timor due to his repressive policies. Discontent primarily due to the Asian financial crisis forced him to resign from office in 1998, but he never stood trial for either humanitarian crimes or corruption due to his deteriorating health. A state funeral was scheduled for January 28, 2008.<br /><br /><br /><u>Special Entry: Elections of 2009</u><br /><br />Background --<br /><br />Parliamentary elections in Indonesia were scheduled to take place on April 9, 2009. The first round of the presidential election was scheduled for July 8, 2009, with a run off, if needed, to be held on September 8, 2009. The parliamentary vote would be the third one since the democratic reforms in 1998 in the world's largest archipelago. The presidential vote will be distinguished as the second democratic presidential election for Indonesia and would mark the country's process of democratization. A peaceful transfer of power would be a clear sign that the country has moved in the direction of democracy.<br /><br />At the presidential level, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono indicated his desire to be re-elected. But he would have to compete with former President Megawati Sukarnoputri and others to keep his job. Other candidates included some former generals and a Javanese Sultan of Hamengkubuwono.<br /><br />In March 2009, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono announced he would pick another running mate in the presidential election, given the fact that Vice President Jusuf Kalla decided to contest the presidential poll himself. The president said, "Six months ago I said it was very possible Kalla and I would remain a pair [in the upcoming presidential elections]. There was about a 70 percent possibility of that." He continued, "But look at the recent political dynamics. Golkar wants to support its own presidential candidate, and Kalla has declared himself as that candidate. I would have been very embarrassed had I said I would surely pair up with him again." The president said he would seek a running mate who had "good integrity" and "good capacity," and a person with whom he would share "good chemistry."<br /><br />Before the presidential race, however, Indonesians would vote for the parliament.<br /><br />Primer on Parliamentary Elections --<br /><br />Indonesians went to the polls in the parliamentary elections on April 9, 2009. Between 38 political parties and six local parties in Aceh province were expected to contest in the parliamentary elections. At stake were the seats in the House of Representatives (DPR).<br /><br />The parties that are authorized to take part in the elections can be divided into three groups. First, there are the nationalist parties like the Golkar Party headed by Vice President Yusuf Kalla, the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle Party led by former President Megawati Sukarnoputri, and the Democratic Party led by president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Secondly, there are the religious parties dominated by the Islamists, Thirdly, there are parties adhering to social democracy ideology. Traditionally, nationalist parties have dominated Indonesian politics since the country won independence in 1945 and they are expected to perform accordingly at the 2009 polls.<br /><br />According to the electoral law, only the parties that get 25 percent votes or 20 percent seats in the House of Representatives (DPR) can nominate their candidates for presidency in the July presidential election. As such, the results of the parliamentary election would determine the fate of the forthcoming presidential election to some degree. With these high stakes at hand, there was a climate of competitiveness and tension across the political landscape. Ahead of the parliamentary polls, political parties gathered in the capital of Jakarta vowing to conduct a peaceful campaign, amidst rising concerns that violent clashes could break out among the supporters of the political parties. In order to shore up security, the national police dispatched two-third of its strength while the country's armed forces also deployed 24,000 of its troops.<br /><br />Polling data ahead of the parliamentary election suggested that the Democratic Party would gain the plurality of seats. Analysts have suggested that many Indonesians approve of the president's handling of the economy and may thusly reward his Democratic Party. On the other hand, both Kalla's Golkar Party and Megawati Sukornoputri's Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle Party were plagued by internal rifts. That said, no single party was expected to gain absolute predominance, thusly paving the way for bargaining and the establishment of alliances.<br /><br />Early election results suggested that the president’s Democratic Party was in the lead with 20.48 percent of the votes. There was a second place race between the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle with 14.33 percent and third place Golkar Party with 13.95 percent votes. These results were preliminary and yet to be confirmed. Meanwhile, political negotiations between the Democratic Party and other parties were expected to begin, with coalition formation in the offing.<br /><br />Final results gave 20.9 percent and 148 seats to the president's Democratic Party , 14.5 percent and 108 seats to Kalla's Golkar, and 7.9 percent and 93 seats to Megawati Sukarnoputri's Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle Party.<br /><br />Note: Key election issues included the economy, employment, and corruption.<br /><br />Primer on Indonesian election --</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indonesia's presidential election was scheduled to take place on July 8,2009. It would be only the second direct presidential election since the fall of the Suharto dictatorship in the Indonesian archipelago composed of 17,000 islands and spanning three time zones. Indonesia, which is home to the world's largest Muslim-majority country and is the world's third-largest democracy after India and the United States, has become a model of democratic stability in a region plagued by sectarian violence. Indonesia has also enjoyed strong economic performance in recent years. Indeed, Indonesia today is a marked study in contrasts when compared to the political and economic strife that ruled the 1990s.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />The main presidential contenders in the 2009 presidential contest were as follows --</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /> Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono<br /> Born: Pacitan, East Java, Sept. 9, 1949<br /> Religion: Islam Education: Indonesia Armed Forces Academy, 1973<br /> Career Highlights:<br /> Chief of Sriwijaya Military<br /> Command, 1996-97 Chief of Staff for Social and Political Affairs<br /> Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, 1999 Coordinating<br /> Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs, 2000-01<br /> President of Indonesia, 2004-present</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /> Megawati Sukarnoputri<br /> Born: Yogyakarta, Jan. 23, 1947<br /> Religion: Islam<br /> Education: School of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, 1965-67<br /> School of Psychology, University of Indonesia, 1970-72<br /> Career Highlights:<br /> House of Representatives member, 1987-92, 1992-97, 1999-2004<br /> Vice President, 1999-2001<br /> President, 2001-04<br /> PDI-P Chairwoman 1999-present</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /> Jusuf Kalla<br /> Born: Watampone, South Sulawesi, May 15,1942<br /> Religion: Islam<br /> Education: Economic faculty, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar,1967<br /> The European Institute of Business Administration Fountainebleu,France, 1977<br /> Career Highlights:<br /> President director of N.V. Hadji Kalla, 1969-2001<br /> President director of PT Bumi Karsa, 1988-2001<br /> Minister of Industry and Trade, 1999-2000<br /> Commissioner of PT Bukaka Singtel International, 2000-present<br /> Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare, 2001-2004<br /> Vice president of Indonesia, 2004-present</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Leading up to the election, the incumbent president had campaigned on a pledge to clean up corruption and increase economic development. Despite his background as a Suharto loyalist, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has been viewed as the most popular Indonesian leader in the democratic era thanks to success is these two arenas. Indeed, his centrist Democratic Party enjoyed an overwhelming victory in parliamentary elections heled months earlier, which set the stage for the presidential contest.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />On election day -- July 8, 2009 -- there were no reports of deadly violence or widespread irregularities. Exit polls indicated that incumbent Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono held an overwhelming lead. A MetroTV exit poll the president 58.51 percent of the vote, while opposition leader, Megawati Sukarnoputri, had 26.32 percent, and outgoing Vice President Jusuf Kalla had 15.18 percent. Another exit poll by TV One gave Yudhoyono 60.10 percent, while Megawati had 27.33 percent, and Kalla carried 12.58 percent. In this way, the exit polls both seemed to be roughly in the same vicinities of support. While final official results would not be available for some time, it was apparent that the president would avoid a second-round run-off election.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Speaking from his home in Bogor, south of Jakarta, after the polling stations closed across the country, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said: "The vote count hasn't finished yet ... but the poll surveys in their quick counts show the success of my comrades." For their parts, Megawati and Kalla said that there were incomplete voting lists and missing polling booths. The president called on his rivals to settle these complaints fairly saying, "Let's work together to maintain a peaceful situation in this country. If there are objections or protests, please do it through mechanisms and procedures in line with our law."</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />The exit polls gave way to real election results that made the incumbent president's victory a likely reality. The country's Electoral Commission said Yudhoyono won 61.88 percent of the vote, with Megawati carrying 28.57 percent, and Kalla trailing behind with 9.77 percent. In this way, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was set to become the first Indonesian president to serve consecutive terms.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Opposition leader, Megawati Sukarnoputri, was in no mood to concede and instead alleged fraud. Nevertheless, two days after the election, re-elected President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that he was open to the idea of including officials from rival parties in his new administration.<br /><br /><br /><u>Special Report: 2009 Jakarta bombings --</u><br /><br />On July 17, 2009, suspected suicide bombers attacked two luxury hotels in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta, leaving nine people dead and more than 50 others injured. At least three Australians, one Singaporean and one national of New Zealand, were also believed to be among the dead. The casualty list of those wounded in the attacks included several Indonesians, as well as nationals from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway, Italy, India, South Korea, and Hong Kong. One explosion took place at the Ritz-Carlton while the other attack ensued at the J.W. Marriott. Both hotels are located at the heart of Jakarta's commercial center.<br /><br />Indonesian authorities said that one of the suicide bombers had checked in as a guest at the Marriott. Room 1808, where that unidentified guest was registered, appeared to have been used as something of a "central command" in which the bombs were made. Indeed, one unexploded bomb as well as explosive materials were found inside that particular hotel room. Once formulated, Indonesian police said that the bombs were placed in a restaurant at the Ritz-Carlton and the basement of the parking garage at the Marriott respectively. Evidence at the two sites suggested that the bombs contained nails, ball bearings and bolts.<br /><br />The explosions bore the hallmark of the militant extremist group, Jemaah Islamiah, which has been responsible for a number of terror attacks in Indonesia over the years, including the infamous Bali nightclub bombings of 2002 and an earlier attack on the Marriott in 2003. Anti-terrorism measures in recent times appeared to have blunted the group's efforts, with the last major attacks taking place in the 2004-2005 timeframe outside the Australian embassy and in Bali respectively. Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who was himself re-elected only weeks earlier, has been credited for being behind a successful anti-terrorism campaign against militant extremists Islamists in the world's largest Muslim country. Indeed, the government has championed anti-terrorism training, new legislation and cooperation in the international sphere, with an eye on keeping the country safe and peaceful.<br /><br />For his part, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited the two sites of the attacks and vociferously condemned the actions of the terrorist as "cruel and inhuman." The president said that it appeared that the attacks were carried out by suspected Islamic terrorists, but stopped short of identifying Jemaah Islamiah as being responsible. Nevertheless, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono vowed that those responsible would be brought to justice, saying: "Those who carried out this attack and those who planned it will be arrested and tried according to the law."<br /><br />In the aftermath of the attacks, security has been increased across the country, and 500 military troops have been placed on standby, should the need to provide support to the police arise.<br /><br />At the international level, New Zealand's Prime Minister John Key decried the apparent act of terrorism. His Australian counterpart, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, joined in the condemnation and characterized the attacks as "barbaric." Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith was set to travel to Jakarta to show solidarity with Indonesia. Smith said that he wanted to stand "shoulder to shoulder with Indonesia at this terrible time." United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton lamented the attacks as "senseless" but warned that they made clear that the threat of terrorism remained "very real." United States President Barack Obama, who spent some of his own childhood years in Indonesia, said: “I strongly condemn the attacks that occurred... in Jakarta and extend my deepest condolences to all of the victims and their loved ones.”<br /><br />Days later, Indonesian officials said that there were "strong indications" that a known fugitive, Noordin Mohamed Top, was behind the fatal attacks at the Ritz-Carlton and Marriott in Jakarta. Born in Malaysia, Noordin Mohamed Top relocated to Indonesia in 2001. An ally of the Islamic terror group, al-Qaida, he was a leading financier of the aforementioned terror group, Jemaah Islamiah. Following an internal dispute over strategy, however, he founded his own splinter organization. Noordin Mohamed Top was believed to have orchestrated the Bali bombings of 2002 and 2005, as well as a host of other terror attacks in Indonesia. While his accomplice, Azahari Husin, was killed by police in 2005, Noordin Mohamed Top managed to evade capture during a police aid in 2006. To date, he has been known as one of the most infamous fugitives and "most wanted man" in the region.<br /><br />In August 2009, there were hopes that a man killed during a siege of a farmhouse in Central Java might be the infamous Noordin Mohammed Top. However, Indonesian authorities said that DNA testing showed that the body was that of a florist who had worked at both of the two hotels -- the Ritz-Carlton and J.W. Marriott -- that were targeted in the July 2009 attacks in Jakarta. The florist was believed to have been involved in the planning of the attacks along with Noordin Mohamed Top, and pointed to videotaped footage showing him with the alleged bomber at the Marriott days before the attack, and also carrying bomb-making materials through the staff entrance of the hotel. The siege that killed the florist occurred when the Indonesian authorities foiled an apparent plot to bomb the home of Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.<br /><br />In September 2009, Indonesian authorities declared that DNA tests proved conclusively that Indonesia's most-wanted Islamist terrorist, Noordin Mohamed Top, was dead. Noordin Top was reportedly among the four terrorists who died in a raid on September 17, 2009 in central Java. At a news conference days after the raid, a national police spokesman, Nanan Soekarna, said: "There is no doubt that he's Noordin M. Top." Regional leaders hailed the news of his death, which they said would help dampen the influence of militant and extremist Islamic groups in the region.<br /><br /><br /><u>Special Entry: Earthquake hits Sumatra</u>On September 30, 2009, an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale hit the southern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The epicenter was 28 miles west-northwest of Padang. More than 1,000 people were thought to have died as a result, while almost 3,000 were said to be trapped under the rubble.<br /><br />Days after the earthquake struck, the news from the rescue workers on the ground in Sumatra was grim and the prospect of finding survivors was slim. While rescue workers focused on a hotel where a seminar was taking place and where sophisticated equipment had picked up sounds of life, the tropical heat was also taking a toll and the stench of decomposing bodies dominated the air. The rescue of a young woman at a school was welcomed, but the reality was not encouraging at the wider level. Outside of Padang, the Red Cross warned the situation was even more grave. In Pariaman, the Associated Press reported that there were no buildings left standing and had there was little external help in those rescue efforts.<br /><br />Indonesian Health Minister, Siti Fadilah Supari, has called on the international community for assistance. To that end, United States President Barack Obama, who spent some of his childhood in Indonesia, was reported to have offered condolences to the Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and offered relief assistance. As well, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said that his country was deploying an aircraft carrying engineering, rescue and health teams to Indonesia. Meanwhile, many countries within the international community were pledging aid, emergency funds, volunteers as well as specialized rescue teams and sophisticated engineering equipment.<br /><br />Indonesia is located within a zone of intense seismic activity known as the "Pacific Ring of Fire," which means that regularly experienced earthquakes. At issue is Indonesia's specific location along the active geological fault line where the Indo-Australian Plate is subducted beneath the Eurasian plate. The Indonesian island of Sumatra is particularly vulnerable to intense seismic activity due to a large strike-slip fault, known as the Great Sumatran Fault, which runs the entire length of the island. Accordingly, experts have warned that Sumatra is especially at risk for catastrophe as a result of this geological situation.<br /><br />Editor's Note:<br /><br />The Indonesian archipelago is composed of 17,000 islands and spans three time zones. Indonesia is home to the world's largest Muslim-majority with a total population of more than 230 million and is the world's third-largest democracy after India and the United States. It has become a model of democratic stability in a region plagued by sectarian violence. Indonesia has also enjoyed strong economic performance in recent years. Indeed, Indonesia today is a marked study in contrasts when compared to the political and economic strife that ruled the 1990s until the fall of the Suharto dictatorship. While attacks by Islamic militants and extremists have been an enduring challenge since 2002, Indonesia has been lauded for its concerted efforts in directly confronting the threat of terrorism.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Other than terrorism (discussed above), in recent years, the single most significant priority for the government was the unification and preservation of the integrity of the country. In the past years, the country has seen division between the political center and many of the provinces. Among them, the provinces of Aceh and Papua continued to show discontent and open rebellion against the central government in Jakarta. A peace deal was, however, forged with separatists in Aceh in recent years. These issues surrounding the integrity of Indonesia are discussed in the regional appendices of this Country Review.<br /><br />Finally, as discussed above, Indonesia is located within a zone of intense seismic activity known as the "Pacific Ring of Fire." Indonesia is regularly subjected to earthquakes due to its location along the active geological fault line where the Indo-Australian Plate is subducted beneath the Eurasian plate.<br /><br /><br /><u>Indonesia Foils Terror Plot:</u>On May 14, 2010, Indonesian authorities announced that they uncovered a terror plot to assassinate the president and attack foreigners in that country. Along with the announcement of the foiled terror plot, Indonesian authorities said that they had arrested three suspected Islamist militants during a series of anti-terror raids. The three militants were associated with a terror training camp in the separatist enclave of Aceh months earlier in February 2010. They were among dozens of militant Islamists who have been arrested or killed in recent times.<br /><br />Indonesian authorities said that the extremists Islamists behind the plot aimed to carry off a Mumbai-style attack during an Independence Day ceremony on August, 17, 2010. Included in the plan was the objective of taking control of hotels and killing foreigners there. Ultimately, the terrorists hoped to declare Indonesia as an Islamic state.<br /><br />National Police Chief Bambang Hendarso Danuri explained the plot as follows: "They planned to attack and murder state officials at the 17 August celebrations. There, they saw all of the state officials as assassination targets, including the state guests attending the ceremony." He continued, "Their plan was also to launch attacks in Jakarta against foreigners - especially Americans - and attack and control hotels within certain communities, imitating what happened in Mumbai." The police chief concluded by noting that the terrorists believed that these actions would facilitate the creation of an Islamist state in Indonesia, ruled by Shariah law.<br /><br />These events were illustrative of two key security concerns in Indonesia. First, and most ostensible, was the realization that despite anti-terrorism efforts, extremist Islam in Indonesia continued to be a threat to national security. Second, the discovery of the terror training camp in Aceh camp evoked anxieties about terror networks re-emerging in Indonesia, and specifically in areas already plagued by political and economic challenges.<br /><br /><br /><u>Update</u>In March 2011, Indonesia's coalition government was at risk of collapse due to disagreement over a vote to investigate a taxation scandal. A session in the Indonesian House of Representatives turned particularly acrimonious when most members of the legislative body voted against forming a committee of inquiry to investigate Indonesia's graft-ridden taxation system. The vote outcome was regarded as a victory for President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Democratic Party, which was against the inquiry, and claimed that its two coalition partners backing the inquiry -- the Golkar Party and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) -- were attempting to undermine the government. All indications at the time were that the Golkar Party intended to exit the coalition over the disagreement. That being said, by the second week of March 2011, the ruling coalition of Indonesia remained in tact when the second largest Golkar Party opted to remain in the government. Golkar Party chairman, Aburizal Bakrie, said in a news conference after a meeting with President Yudhoyono, "Golkar keeps staying in coalition." Clearly, the Golkar Party was able to reach an agreement with President Yudhoyono and his Democratic Party. For his part, on March 10, 2011, Indonesian President Yudhoyono said he had no plan to reshuffle the cabinet in the near future.<br /><br />In April 2011, an apparent attempted terror attack was thwarted in Indonesia when police found a 330 pound bomb buried under a church on the outskirts of the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. The proximity to the church suggested that Islamic militants may have been planning an attack to coincide with Easter celebrations in this moderate Islamic country. Accordingly, foreign nationals were being warned to be careful as regards their activities in Indonesia. Militant Islamists in Indonesia have been responsible for a series of terror attacks in that country, particularly targeting foreign nationals, but also focused on moderate Muslims and minority Muslim sects. That being said, Indonesian authorities arrested a number of suspects in connection with the planned attack, including six people who were also accused of being behind a set of mail bombs dispatched in March 2011 to moderate Muslim activists as well as the former head of the country's anti-terrorism unit.<br /><br />On Sept. 25, 2011, a suicide bomber targeted the the Bethel Injil Sepuluh church in the Indonesian town of Solo in Central Java in Indonesia. At least two people died as the suicide bomber detonated the explosives strapped to his body after a worship service at the church, just as congregants exited the house of worship. More than 20 others were wounded. Although Indonesia is the largest Muslim country in the world, the country is officially secular, and the government has actively sought to curtail the activities of militant extremist terrorists, who have been responsible for several attacks over the years.<br /><br />President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono reportedly expressed his condolences for the deaths and injuries that ensued as a result of the terror attack. While there was no immediate information about who was behind the attack, the site of the suicide bombing gave some clues as to the motivation and possible culprits. Solo has been known as the home base of Abu Bakar Ba'asyir -- the spiritual leader of the Islamist extremist militant group, Jemaah Islamiah (JI). Ba'asyir was jailed for 15 years months earlier in June 2011 for supporting militant training camps.<br /><br />The terror group, JI, represents a significant threat to Indonesia. An al-Qaida affiliate, JI’s stated goal is to create an Islamic state that spans Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the southern Philippines and southern Thailand. Among other atrocities, it is allegedly responsible for the bombing of a popular nightspot in Bali, Indonesia, on Oct. 12, 2002, which claimed the lives of over 200 individuals, as well as the Aug. 5, 2003, bombing of the J.W. Marriot in Jakarta that killed 12.<br /><br />Note that at the start of October 2011, Indonesian police announced the arrest of a terror suspect, Ben Asri, in connection with the suicide bomb attack at the church in Solo. Asri was linked not only with that attack, but also with a suicide bombing at a mosque on a police compound in West Java months earlier in April 2011.<br /><br />In April 2012, the future of the Islamist Prosperous and Justice Party within Indonesia's ruling coalition government was yet to be determined. At issue was the PKS' rejection of the government's plan to increase oil prices. That price hike was intended to ease the risks of soaring global oil prices in a country that already provides significant oil subsidies; it was also intended to accrue funds needed to pay for necessary infrastructure projects, such as the construction of roads, bridge, railways, seaports, and airports . Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was reported to be in talks with other coalition partners -- excluding the PKS -- ahead of a decision about the composition of the government.<br /><br />Editor's Note:<br /><br />In the aftermath of the last elections held in 2010, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's Democratic Party won the most seats. A broad coalition government was formed in the aftermath of those parliamentary polls that included the president's own Democratic Party, the second largest party in parliament, the Golkar Party, the Nation Awakening Party, the National Mandate Party, as well as the Islamist the Prosperous and Justice Party.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />-- April 2012<br /><br /><br /><em>Written by Dr. Denise Youngblood Coleman,Editor in Chief, CountryWatch.com . Research sources listed in the Bibliography.</em></span></div>
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-87697785488309425662012-07-24T10:24:00.002-07:002012-07-24T10:24:50.862-07:00Introduction to Aceh<br />
Aceh is situated around the northern conclusion from the Indonesian isle of Sumatra; it's full of gas and oil assets and is the place to find any conventional Muslim population, which launched Shari'a law. Aceh was integrated into the actual Indonesian Democracy in 1949 and also the separatist rebellion started throughout 1976. Throughout on the one fourth of the hundred years, there have been numerous collides between the Indonesian army and separatists, which usually left 10,000 people dead.<br />
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The particular Aceh people have always been unhappy using the method that the government put them below restricted control whilst taking advantage of them of these abundant natural resources. Indeed, offered Indonesia's terrible monetary issues, the united states canot manage so that you can relinquish Aceh's possible coal and oil prosperity.<br />
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The Acehnese separatists are already battling the sour guerilla battle towards Indonesian guideline, and also a large number of people have been wiped out in the troubled land considering that the separatist revolt started out in 1976 (as observed above). An underground leading separatist party withinside Aceh, the Totally free of charge Aceh Movements, or GAM, intensified it's proof against the actual Indonesian govt given that past Indonesian President Statesman stepped down throughout 1998. With East timor finally permitted to move its own approach and put an end to coming via Jakarta's rule, inhabitants of the north Sumatran land of Aceh have commanded they as well get a choice of freedom.<br />
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For your Indonesian federal authorities, managing the Aceh concern is a critical analyze of the capacity to deliver stability in order to be able for you to help Belgium and also finish fears of the country disintegrating. The Indonesian federal authorities states it won't support the freedom motion throughout Aceh as it is an extremely different case from that relating to East timor. As opposed to allowing self-reliance, Leader Wahid guaranteed so that you can give the actual state higher autonomy and allow it maintain a significantly greater discuss associated with income gained from the oil and gas fields in the region. Nevertheless, the Aceh separatists vowed they would by no means fall their own interest in independence.<br />
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Throughout Apr 2000, a human legal protection under the law demo had been going ahead inside Indonesian state of Aceh, wherever Twenty four troops and one private were accused of eliminating Fifty seven people in the province throughout July 2000. The particular trial had been seen as a representational energy simply by simply Wahid's govt so that you can placate Aceh's 4.1 thousand people following decades regarding challenging treatment by the army. The 25 opponents have been charged and jailed for up to A decade for your getting rid of.<br />
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On Might 12, 2000, the Indonesian govt authorized any serenity arrangement with all the Aceh separatists of GAM in Geneve targeted at ending Two-and-a-half decades of violence. Several days prior to signing the truce contract, combating had drawn to the halt in the state as equally law enforcement officials and also digital cool dude separatists put lower their particular firearms to aid the serenity discussions. Under the agreement, both factors would view any truce in order to allow humanitarian aid to succeed in the location in upper Sumartra, wherever concerning 5,000 people have also ended up wiped out in the region within the last few decade. The actual arrangement has been the actual culmination of months associated with consultation services between your government and also the No cost Aceh Movements, which had required a good independence vote just like the take East timor.<br />
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Stuff has not necessarily improved since the signing of the serenity contract between the Indonesian federal authorities as well as GAM. The particular violence has been getting continuously even a whole lot more serious, with all the peace arrangement possessing hardly any impact. The people regarding Aceh have complained there isn't any indication in the government from the long-promised special liberty for your province, and they are tired of periodic violence between safety forces and separatist rebels. Withinside November 2000, hundreds and hundreds of Aceh people rallied in the city so that you can require a referendum in freedom. During the rally, the Acehnese and also police conflicted, and the police opened fire upabout civilians, killing no less than 30.<br />
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In early 03 Mid Late Beginning of 2001, while Indonesian safety makes and also the GAM separatist group determined a series of talks supporting the cease-fire, fighting continuing withinside the Aceh land. In fact, physical assault grown over the year. Accounts experienced as much as Nine hundred people murdered withinside The year Year 1999, over two times the number in Late 90s.<br />
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As the Aceh separatists are already highly demanding for an East timor style referendum upabout freedom, the Indonesian government provides stated it will in no way take independence demands from the Aceh separatists, declaring Indonesia's unitary statehood can't ever become changed. In time period Mid Late Beginning of 2001, in the speech about the event regarding Indonesia's Independence Day, Leader Megawati apologized to Aceh and Iran Jaya regarding human legal protection under the law violations dedicated by past government authorities. While urging the actual provinces to accept new autonomy packages, the particular leader mentioned such as in no way allow them to chip off from the Indonesian state.<br />
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In 12 , Two thousand and two, a new peace arrangement has been authorized, which would possess approved some degree of autonomy for the land. It absolutely was wished how the peace agreement would indicate a conclusion so that you can 26 many numerous a lot of physical assault. The actual arrangement flattened whenever Indonesian authorities withinside Jakarta accused the particular separatist movement regarding declining in order to be able for you to help give up their drive with regard to total self-reliance. The peacefulness contract could have been in jeopardy since there were in no way virtually just about almost every lawful procedures regarding demilitarization or the elections process.<br />
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Throughout May 2004, the Philippines affiliate marketer introduced a rigorous unpleasant in opposition to separatists inside province regarding Aceh, carrying out a declaration of law by Indonesian Chief executive Megawati Sukarnoputri. Inside capital regarding Banda Aceh, army troopers parachuted coming via fighter aircraft to fight towards people of the Totally free of charge Aceh Movement separatists. In the separatist fastness associated with Lhokseumawe, ships transferred within variety and also soldiers surrounded the particular homes regarding inhabitants. The goal of the actual bad, based on Indonesian authorities, would have been to remove the authority webweb internet web-web pages also to ruin the particular militant forces with the separatist motion.<br />
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In late 2004, Aceh was the epicentre of your devastating earthquake and tidal wave which usually left over 174,000 people dead around Belgium. Even while help groups attempted to delivery support and provide non profit reduction to the devastated area, the Indonesian armed service had been mixed up in an bad towards separatist rebels, which still quit a lot greater than 200 people dead noisy . 2005.<br />
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Withinside mid-2005, a good growing serenity offer involving the govt as well as the separatists withinside Aceh has been directed at ending the actual 30-year insurgency. Withinside serenity speaks becoming locked in Finland, an announcement was made the serenity agreement will be agreed upon in August. 20, August 2006. The particular peace deal supplied for the shipping and supply associated with post-tsunami reconstruction aid so that you can Aceh. Observers stated the newest agreement did not clearly express whether rebels will be allowed to type politics events in the foreseeable future.<br />
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Then, right then and there of putting your signature on -- Aug. 13, June 2006 -- the particular Indonesian federal authorities and rebels from the No cost Aceh Motion (GAM) signed the actual serenity deal. The agreement had been official inside Helsinki town of Helsinki. Presently right now generally at this time now certainly , truth be told furthermore in that respect so here, past Finnish Leader Martti Ahtisaari, that acquired mediate the continued social process said the putting your signature on with the peacefulness deal heralded a fresh period regarding Aceh. Beneath the peace agreement, GAM surrendered the demand for total independence, as well as rather accepted local self-determination plus the directly to kind any political party. For its part, the particular Indonesian government agreed to launch political criminals. The us government furthermore agreed to provide former people of GAM with farmland, therefore improving their own reintegration into a regular private existence. To be able to demilitarize the actual political surroundings, Indonesian armed service and also security causes have been so that you can likely to abandon Aceh, and also the past rebels have been to sign up in the process of disarmament, that has been to be supervised with a shared Asean as well as European Union staff. Pro-government militias throughout Aceh have been and to be disarmed. Ultimately, any fact and reconciliation percentage was to become convened, plus a human being rights courtroom would have been to become because.<br />
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Indonesia's Aceh Totally free of charge Aceh Movement (GAM) formally dissipated their own provided armed service side in late December June 2006. The move efficiently achieved the latest stage with the peacefulness arrangement, which usually, since noted just previously mentioned, was signed between your Indonesian government and the No cost Aceh Motion throughout Finland withinside 2006. The particular dispersing of the military mentoring means the actual group can now be changed into the political party, that may tournament elections. In return for the actual dissipating of the troops, the federal government of Indonesia would have been to grant Aceh specific autonomy.<br />
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The prospects for lasting peace were unknown in the signing ceremony given that prior peacefulness deals had disintegrated and distrust leaped uncontrolled. Nonetheless, because the disastrous tsunami associated with '04, that has been based in Aceh, there had been an authentic determination to locate quality. When the peace process arises efficiently, it's going to mean an end in order to be able for you to help a lot greater than 30 years ago regarding turmoil between the Indonesian government and also the separatist rebels of Aceh, which left over 15,000 people dead.<br />
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At the shut regarding 2007, citizens throughout Aceh held their own first direct elections, considering that the putting your signature on with the peace offer. The particular arrangement, which (as noted over) had been crafted and also signed following the devastating wave savaged Aceh many years previously, ended Aceh's interest in complete freedom in return for liberty and also the to fully participate in democratic elections. Spolitical election final benefits suggested that a past digital cool dude head, Irawandi Yusuf, won Aceh's very initial direct gubernatorial spolitical election. Yusuf has been inaugurated directly straight in energy because the regulator withinside February 07.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-43706877885939380162011-12-12T19:43:00.001-08:002011-12-12T19:43:33.716-08:00Qur'an Mushaf Acheh berusia ratusan tahun<h3><br />
</h3><div class="byline">Oleh SAFINA RAMLI<br />
utusankedah@utusan.com.my</div><img border="1" color="black" height="334" hspace="5" src="http://www.utusan.com.my/pix/2011/1213/utusan_malaysia/Utara/wu_04.1.jpg" vspace="5" width="500" /><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><div class="caption">DUA naskhah al-Quran Mushaf Acheh yang berusia beratus tahun turut dipamerkan di Pameran Pedang Nabi Muhammad SAW, Khazanah Tamadun Islam dan Koleksi Sejarah Seni Silat Pusaka Gayong di Dewan Sri Zaleha, Naza, Gurun, Kedah.</div></span><hr noshade="noshade" size="1" /><br clear="all" /> GURUN 12 Dis. - Menurut catatan sejarah, Nabi Muhammad SAW mempunyai beberapa peralatan perang sendiri, antaranya pedang Al-Ma‘tsur yang merupakan pedang diwarisi daripada ayahanda baginda, Abdullah Abdul Mutalib.<br />
Pedang itu kini tersimpan di Muzium Topkapi, Istanbul, Turki dan bagi umat Islam, peluang untuk melihat pedang itu di depan mata adalah satu perkara yang amat indah dalam kehidupan sebagai seorang muslim.<br />
Namun, malangnya tidak semua umat Islam berpeluang untuk menjejakkan kaki ke muzium itu bagi melihat sendiri pedang yang pernah digunakan oleh Rasulullah itu.<br />
Bagi memenuhi impian umat Islam negara ini, khususnya di kawasan utara tanah air yang ingin melihat pedang-pedang Rasulullah, satu pameran bertajuk Pameran Pedang Nabi Muhammad SAW, Khazanah Tamadun Islam dan Koleksi Sejarah Seni Silat Pusaka Gayong diadakan di Dewan Sri Zaleha, Naza, Gurun di sini bermula 5 Disember dan berakhir 19 Disember ini.<br />
Dengan harga RM10 bagi dewasa dan RM5 bagi kanak-kanak, pengunjung dapat melihat pedang al-Ma’tsur, pedang al-Qadib, pedang al-Battar, pedang Ja’far Ath-Thayyar,pedang Abu Bakar As-Siddiq, pedang Saidina Umar al-Khattab, pedang Uthman Affan, pedang Zul Fiqar, pedang al-Hatf, pedang Khalid Wali dan pelbagai peralatan perang yang lain.<br />
Walaupun hanya replika pedang, 99 peratus bentuk pedang-pedang yang dibawakan khas dari Muzium Topkapi, Istanbul adalah sama dengan bentuk pedang sebenar.<br />
Pengerusi pameran itu, Datuk Mohd. Suhaimi Abdullah berkata, pameran yang julung kali diadakan itu adalah hasil usahasama Yayasan Restu dan Pertubuhan Seni Silat Pusaka Gayong Malaysia (PSSGM).<br />
“Pameran ini amat bermakna, lebih-lebih lagi kepada seluruh penduduk kampung di negeri kawasan utara untuk mempelajari dan menyelami sejarah-sejarah ketamadunan Islam.<br />
“Kita juga mengenengahkan keindahan dan kehalusan seni-seni Islam serta ada-adat Melayu yang ternyata memiliki keistimewaan serta identiti yang tersendiri supaya tidak luput ditelan zaman,” ujar beliau.<br />
Selain himpunan pedang Nabi Muhamaad SAW dan para sahabat baginda, pengunjung juga dapat melihat pelbagai Mushaf al-Quran yang telah diterbitkan dalam bentuk buku dan multimedia dipamerkan pada pameran tersebut.<br />
Azaliza Mohammad Zainal Abidin selaku Ketua Jabatan Perwarnaan Restu Design berkata, pada pameran kali ini, Yayasan Restu membawa koleksi al-Quran Mushaf Acheh yang berusia ratusan tahun untuk dipamerkan kepada pengunjung.<br />
“Al-Quran Mushaf Acheh ini dihadiahkan kepada Yayasan Restu sebelum berlaku kejadian tsunami dan selain al-Quran Mushaf Acheh ini pengunjung juga boleh melihat pelbagai Mushaf al-Quran yang lain seperti al-Quran Mushaf Kedah, al-Quran Mushaf Singapura, al-Quran Mushaf Nigeria dan sebagainya.<br />
“Pihak kami juga membawa penulis khat di pameran ini bagi menunjukkan bagaimana proses penghasilan al-Quran kepada pengunjung,” katanya.<br />
Tambahnya, pada pameran ini juga pelbagai karya kaligrafi juga dipamerkan kepada pengunjung bagi memastikan mereka melihat sendiri keindahan seni halus dalam Islam.<br />
“Terdapat karya kaligrafi yang menggunakan kertas daripada al-Quran lama kerana kita tidak mahu buang kertas al-Quran itu di merata-rata tempat dan ada juga karya kaligrafi yang menggunakan warna daripada alam semulajadi,” jelasnya.<br />
Sementara itu seorang pengunjung pameran itu, Saadan Mat, 50 berkata, kunjungannya ke pameran tersebut menimbulkan rasa kagum dengan kehebatan Nabi Muhamad SAW dan para sahabat baginda.<br />
“Melihat pedang sahaja dapat membuatkan kita rasa kagum serta terharu dan saya rasa pameran sebegini perlu diadakan di tempat-tempat lain.<br />
“Selain melihat pedang kita juga dapat melihat pelbagai Mushaf al-Quran untuk menambah ilmu mengenai al-Quran,” katanya.<br />
Seorang lagi pengunjung, Mohd. Amir Azuddin Azman, 13 berkata, dia yang tinggal di Parit Buntar, Perak datang ke pameran ini bersama keluarganya bagi melihat kehebatan pedang Nabi Muhammad SAW.<br />
“Saya puas hati apabila dapat melihat pedang tersebut walaupun hanya replika sahaja dan ini adalah pameran yang perlu sentiasa diadakan untuk menimbulkan keinsafan di kalangan untuk umat Islam,” jelasnya.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-61671840250473150172011-09-16T03:10:00.001-07:002011-09-16T03:15:12.964-07:00Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: History Of Orientalist Manipulation Of Islam – Analysis<h1>Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: History Of Orientalist Manipulation Of Islam – Analysis</h1><b>Written by: <a href="http://www.eurasiareview.com/author/new-civilization/" rel="author" title="Posts by New Civilisation">New Civilisation</a></b> September 14, 2011 <br />
<div class="entry"><div style="display: block; float: right; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px;"><ins style="border: medium none; display: inline-table; height: 250px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje" height="205" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-zzTB-OK8ZF8/TnDiFVB2tlI/AAAAAAAAAhs/fSh22k3Q5Mg/Screen%252520shot%2525202011-09-14%252520at%25252010.18.38%252520AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje" width="231" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje</td></tr>
</tbody></table></ins> </div>By Andreas De Vries<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><i>“According to Snouck the fundamental problem with Islam was the fact that Muslims believed in the need for Unity of State, with a Khalifah governing over all of them according to Sharia law. In a letter to Goldziher in 1886, one year after his journey to Mecca, Snouck said: “… I never had any objections to the religious elements of this institute [Islam]. Only its political influence is, in my opinion, deplorable. And as a Dutchmen especially I feel a strong need to warn against this.”</i></div><br />
Although dead for over half a century, Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje remains a highly controversial figure in both the western and the Muslim world.<br />
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In his time he was a world-famous orientalist, because he had travelled to Mecca and studied and documented Muslim life there. For many years also he lived and worked amongst the Muslims in Indonesia, making him an expert in the traditions, languages and religion of the various tribes in Indonesia.<br />
To the people and governments of the west he always presented himself as a scientist. And as a scientist he advised various western governments on “Muslim affairs”. At the same time he presented himself as a sincere Muslim – and not as a scientist – to the people of the Muslim world that he lived with and studied. Amongst them he went by the name of “Abdul Ghaffaar”. As an Islamic scholar he even counseled the Muslims on religious and political affairs.<br />
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Because he played this dual role throughout his life, today, both in the western and in the Muslim world, he is held in great esteem by some and doubted by others. This article intends to set out the facts regarding Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje.<br />
<h2>Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, the person</h2>Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje was born on the 8th of February 1857 in the Dutch city of Oosterhout. His father was Jacob Julianus Snouck Hurgronje (1812 – 1870), who was a preacher in the protestant Dutch-Reformed church. For a while, Jacob had been expelled from the church for having an affair with Anna Maria de Visser (1819 – 1892) while being married to Adriana Magdalena van Adrichem (1813 – 1854). After Adriana died, Jacob finally married Anna Maria and he was allowed back into the church. From his marriage with Anna Maria, Christiaan was eventually born.<br />
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Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje’s mother Anna Maria also came from a family of protestant preachers. Jan Scharp (1756 – 1828) was Anna Maria’s grandfather, and he was a famous preacher in the south-east of the Netherlands. He was also a missionary, and to support the missionary activity of the Dutch protestant church he wrote a book about Islam in 1824.<br />
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After finishing high school in the city of Breda, in the year 1874, Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje moved to Leiden to study theology. The plan was for him to become a preacher in the protestant church, following the examples of his father and grandfather. In 1878 he indeed finished his university education in theology, but by that time he no longer believed in the dogmas of Christianity. Hence, instead of becoming a preacher, Snouck continued studying. He began a study of Semitic languages, specializing in Arabic and Islam. In 1880 he graduated in this field with honor’s. For his doctorate he had researched the Hajj of the Muslims. The book Snouck wrote about this subject following his research, “The Meccan Celebrations (Het Mekkaansche Feest)”, he dedicated to his mother.<br />
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Immediately following his promotion Snouck travelled to Germany to privately study with the most famous orientalist in the world at that time, Theodoor Nöldeke. After this study Snouck then began his own career in Orientalism.<br />
<h2>Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, the scientist</h2>Snouck was close friend of another famous orientalist of his time, Ignac Goldziher (1850 – 1921). Goldziher was a Hungarian of Jewish heritage who had also studied in Leiden. In 1873 Goldziher had been granted a scholarship by the Hungarian government to travel through As Shaam, (today Palestine, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan) and Egypt. This had given Goldziher the opportunity to become the first non-Muslim to study Islam at Al Azhar in Cairo. Goldziher eventually wrote a book about his experiences, which made him a world famous orientalist.<br />
It was Snouck’s dream to achieve a similar position in the field of Orientalism. In 1884 he got his chance. The Dutch consul in Jeddah, today Saudi-Arabia but at that time still part of the Ottoman Islamic State, a certain J.A. Kruyt, arranged a scholarship worth 1500 guilders for Snouck with the Dutch Government[1]. With this money Snouck could travel to Mecca. The only problem was that Snouck was not a Muslim, which was required for anyone wanting to travel to the Holy City. Therefore, Snouck first travelled to Jeddah. After having lived in the offices of the consulate for some time, on the 1st of January 1885 he moved into the house of an Indonesian nobleman in Jeddah, Raden Haji Aboe Bakr Djajadiningrat from Pandeglang[2]. From that moment onwards Snouck used the name Abdul Ghaffaar as he presented himself as a convert to Islam and on the 5th of January he even had himself circumcised according to Islamic tradition. When a little later, on the 16th of January 1885[3], Snouck was visited by the Judge (qadhi) of Jeddah, Ismail Agha, and two representatives of the Governor (wali) for the Hejaz of the Ottoman Khilafah sitting in Istanbul, he declared conversion to Islam (shahadah) in their presence. The next day Snouck was told that the Governor for the Hejaz invited him to travel to Mecca.<br />
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Snouck himself confessed that his conversion to Islam was not sincere, but only a step he deemed necessary to achieve his goal of travelling to Mecca. In a letter to his friend Goldziher, written on the day he converted, he said: “I do not want to keep hidden from you that it is possible, or even quite possible, that I will travel to Mecca […]. Of course, if one does not pretend to be Muslim [literally: does Izhar al Islam], this is not possible.”<br />
Snouck’s Muslim disguise was a success. Letters he received during his stay in Mecca were addressed to “Abdul Ghaffaar”, and in them Snouck was regularly called “brother in Name of Allah”. Snouck was also informed by letter that the scholars of Mecca had accepted him as a Muslim and that they did not doubt his conversion. And that, hence, he would be allowed to join in their study circles, which Snouck then did.<br />
After just five and a half months, however, and just days before the start of Hajj, Snouck had to flee Mecca because the French embassy had spread rumours about him being a thief of ancient artifacts. Hence, just a few days before Snouck could witness what he wanted to witness, he left Mecca.[4]<br />
Back in The Netherlands Snouck began work on a book about his experiences in the Holy City. Where his own notes on the ways and practices of the Meccans were limited, his friend Raden Aboe Bakr helped out through sending Snouck letters with additional information. This way Snouck was able to publish the book “Mecca (Mekka)” in 1888. And this book did indeed make him world-famous as an orientalist. But although around 100 of the 300 pages of the book, which include the descriptions of the personal life of the Meccans and the biographies of the Indonesian Ulema living in Mecca, were based on the letters by Raden Aboe Bakr, Snouck made no mention of the support he had received from Aboe Bakr and instead presented the entire work as purely his own effort.<br />
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The book made him such a famous orientalist that both the University of Leiden and the University of Cambridge offered him the faculty chair for their Arabic and Islam departments. But Snouck declined both offers, as he wanted to do more research on Islam, this time in the Dutch colony Indonesia. For this purpose Snouck again left The Netherlands, on the 1st of April 1889, this time to travel to Indonesia. In Indonesia as well he presented himself as a Muslim, as he introduced himself to the locals as Abdul Ghaffaar. And he travelled throughout Indonesia accompanied by the Indonesians he had met during his time in Mecca. Raden Hadji Hasan Moestafa from Garut, for instance, accompanied Snouck on his first trip through West and Central Java. Leaving Batavia[5] on the 15th of July, Snouck visited Sukabumi, Bandung, Garut, Tjalintjing, again Garut, Tjeribon, Mangunredja, Tjiamis, again Tjeribon, Tegal, Pekalongan, Wiradesa, Bumiadjo, Banjumas, Purbollinggo, Wonosobo, Purworedjo, Kebumen, again Garut en Tjiandjur. In January of 1890, finally, Snouck returned to Batavia. In a letter to Theodoor Nöldeke, dated the 12th of November 1889, Snouck said about his travels: “For over three months I have been travelling now. I have visited the most important places of Java’s 26 main cities and made acquaintance with the highly interesting way of life of the local Sunda and West-Java[6] people, especially the religious side of it, but also with the ‘adat’[7] which are so loved and honored here…”. During his travels Snouck regularly contributed to the Dutch Newspapers “De Locomotief” (published in Indonesia) and “Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant” (published in The Netherlands). In his articles he described the Javanese way of living, as he witnessed it first-hand. For these articles Snouck used the pseudonyms “Toekoe Mansoer” and “Toekoe Si Gam”.<br />
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Following this, from the 16th of July 1891 until early February 1892 Snouck resided in Aceh. There, as the first Dutchmen ever, he studied the local Acehnese language. In 1900 he then published a book on this subject, entitled: “Studies in the Acehnese language (Atjehsche taalstudiën)”. Again together with Raden Hadji Hasan Moestafa from Garut Snouck also travelled to the pesantrens[8] of Aceh, to develop insight into the religious education of the area. On the basis of these travels Snouck then published the book “The Acehnese (De Atjehers)”, in two volumes between 1893 and 1894. “The Acehnese” is an anthropological book that describes all aspects of the life of the Acehnese, their political situation, the religion, their language, their traditions and customs, et cetera.<br />
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In 1906, then, Snouck returned to The Netherlands to become professor of Arabic at the University of Leiden. He remained in this position until 1927.<br />
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In 1914 and 1915 Snouck was invited to travel to various universities in the United States. The lectures he gave at that time were turned into a book in 1916, with the title “Mohammedanism: Lectures on Its Origin, Its Religious and Political Growth, and Its Present State”. These lectures set out well Snouck’s personal views on Islam. According to Snouck, the Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) had made up Islam. He said: “Even for the parts [of the Quran] which we do understand, we are not able to make out the chronological arrangement which is necessary to gain an insight into Mohammed’s personality and work.” This remark implies that according to Snouck Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) had made up the Quran. Because according to Snouck the personality of Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) can be learned from the Quran, as the personality of a writer shows in his writings. According to Snouck also, Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) had learned certain things about Judaism and Christianity, and had on the basis of this information made up the Quran. He said: “We shall probably never know, by intercourse with whom it really was that Mohammed at last gained some knowledge of the contents of the sacred books of Judaism and Christianity; probably through various people, and over a considerable length of time. It was not lettered men who satisfied his awakened curiosity; otherwise the quite confused ideas […] could not be explained. Confusions […] might be put down to misconceptions of Mohammed himself, who could not all at once master the strange material. But his representation of Judaism and Christianity and a number of other forms of revelation […] could not have existed if he had had an intimate acquaintance with Jewish or Christian men of letters.”. That is why according to Snouck the ethics of Islam were not much more than a collection of laws from the old and new testament: “Now this rich authentic source […] of exhortation to the practice of the cardinal virtues of the Old and New Testament…”<br />
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For as far as the narrations were concerned, according to Snouck most of these were invented by the Muslims: “in the first centuries of Islam no one could have dreamt of any other way of gaining acceptance for a doctrine or a precept than by circulating a tradition, according to which Mohammed had preached the doctrine or dictated it or had lived according to the precept.”. According to Snouck many things had not yet been clarified when Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) died. Hence, he said, the Muslims invented traditions to resolve the issues this was causing. The books of Seerah therefore were complete forgeries, so Snouck said: “The generations that worked at the biography of the Prophet were too far removed from his time to have true data or notions; and, moreover, it was not their aim to know the past as it was, but to construct a picture of it as it ought to have been according to their opinion.”<br />
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His opinions regarding the Sunnah and the Seerah show that Snouck considered Muslim authors as wholly unreliable. Most likely this is why he said regarding the books of Tafseer written by the Muslims: “We must endeavour to make our explanations of the Quran independent of tradition.”. In other words, to understand the Quran western scientists should ignore the opinions of the Muslims regarding the meaning of the Quran, according to Snouck, as he saw these opinions as unreliable and most likely wrong.<br />
<h2>Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, the political advisor</h2>Snouck lived during the times of colonialism. The Netherlands were the colonial ruler over Indonesia, and hence the Dutch newspapers regularly reported about events and occurrences in the “Dutch-Indies”. In addition, the Dutch newspapers regularly ran opinion pieces that discussed the problems the Dutch were facing in their colony, and that proposed solutions to these problems. In other words, colonial politics were hotly debated. A major problem for the Dutch in Indonesia was the resistance by the local people against the Dutch rule. To a large extent, this resistance was inspired by Islam. Many Indonesians fought as they saw themselves subjects of the Islamic State Al Khilafah whose lands had been occupied by foreigners. This was the case especially in Aceh. As a consequence, the Dutch found themselves bogged down in a long, tiring and above all expensive war in that region of Indonesia.<br />
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It is very clear that Snouck realized he had the ability to play a prominent role in this issue. From the earliest beginnings of his career as an orientalist he did his best to play this role. For instance in the book he wrote for his dissertation, “The Meccan Celebrations (De Mekkaansche feesten)”, he wrote the following advice for the Dutch government: “Where in the Dutch Indies the pilgrims have a bad influence on the local [Indonesian] people, there one should punish as hard as possible, also with the goal of reducing the number of people going to Hajj”.<br />
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Equally, Snouck’s journey to Mecca did not only serve a scientific goal. The reason that consul Kruyt in Jeddah organized a scholarship from the Dutch Ministery of Colonial Affairs for Snouck, such that Snouck could travel to Mecca, was that Kruyt wanted to have spy in Mecca who could provide information on the Indonesians in Mecca. It wasn’t really a coincidence, therefore, that the house in Jeddah that Snouck lived in together with Raden Aboe Bakr was exactly across the street from the house of a prominent Acehnese nobleman, that was used as hotel by many Acehnese pilgrims. So from their house Snouck and Raden Aboe Bakr could keep track of whoever entered or left the guesthouse for Acehnese in Jeddah. In the book about his time in Mecca Snouck also gave advice to the Dutch government regarding Indonesia. He said that the colonial government should keep an eye on returning pilgrims and try to win their sympathy. If efforts to realize this failed with any particular pilgrim, Snouck further said, then the Dutch government had to neutralize that pilgrim.<br />
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So where it could be said that Snouck’s journey to Mecca had science as its real aim, and intelligence gathering as a side task; regarding Snouck’s journey to Indonesia it is clear that its real aim was intelligence gathering. Any stated scientific goals served as nothing but a cloak to hide this truth. Snouck himself had asked the Dutch government to be sent to Indonesia as a spy for the Dutch: “In response to the discussion I was honored enough to have with your Excellency[9], I wish to repeat the request I have earlier communicated through letter, which is that I be sent to Aceh…”. The Dutch government agreed to his request en indeed sent him to Indonesia as their agent. Snouck said he wanted to concentrate his work on Aceh: “Before leaving for Indonesia […] I explained the minister that for as far as the political importance of Islam is concerned, Aceh must be of prime importance of my research.”. The Dutch government therefore sent a letter to its civil servants in Indonesia which said: “Direct interference [in Snouck’s visit] by yourself or those reporting to you must be carefully avoided, such that it can be ensured its official goal does not become apparent to the local people, because that would be most damaging to the possible results.”. In other words, the Dutch instructed the colonial administration to stay clear of Snouck, such that he could win the trust of the local people.<br />
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In The Netherlands, however, the reality of Snouck’s journey to Indonesia was common knowledge. And many people hoped that Snouck would be able to solve the problems for the Dutch in Indonesia, once and for all. Various newspapers therefore tried to keep their readers informed of Snouck’s activities in Indonesia. Until, that is, one day the NRC newspaper published a letter it had received, which said: “In our newspaper one can occasionally find articles about Dr. Snouck Hurgronje, who he is, what he is doing in our colony, and his mission. I urgently request the editors of these newspapers, especially those published in Indonesia, to stop this, as they are not helping his work this way. The goal of Dr. Snouck Hurgronje is to get to learn Islam amongst the Mohammedans themselves, and that way [get to know] the big movement in our East, that procreates itself under the leadership of fanatical pilgrims, and that through many a bloodbath has already shown its importance.”. Quite clearly this letter to the NRC newspapers was a request to stop reporting on the activities of Snouck, such that these activities and the true goal they served could be hidden from the Indonesians.<br />
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When Snouck left for Indonesia his original plan was to travel in disguise to the inlands of Aceh, in order to get close to the Sultan of Aceh in Keumala and gather intelligence that would be of benefit to the Dutch army. The Dutch army, however, did not want Snouck’s help. Hence, the Dutch governor for Indonesia sent Snouck to Batavia. There he arrived on the 11th of May 1889, and shortly after it became apparent most Indonesian Muslims were unaware of his true intentions. Snouck’s Indonesian friends in Mecca had informed their countrymen of the arrival of Snouck, and had presented him to them as a learned Muslim scholar. Snouck therefore received many invitations from local Indonesians, in which he was regularly addressed as “Al Hajj Abdul Ghaffaar”, “Mufti” and even as “Sheikh al Islam of Batavia”.<br />
During his later travels through Indonesia Snouck not only recorded all kinds of information about the local people. He also tried hard to increase his status amongst the local population. For this purpose he used to visit all the leading figures in any one area. And when in one area he was given the opportunity to marry the daughter of one of these leading figures, he gladly accepted. He married the 17-year old daughter of the head-panghulu[10] of Tjiamis, Raden Hadji Mohammed Ta’ib, and his wife Nata Rasmi. Her name was Sangkana. She herself did not want to marry Snouck, who was much older than she was and not particularly handsome. But her parents urged her to marry the “great scholar” to increase the status of the family, so she did. Snouck married Sangkana according to Islamic practice. However, according to Dutch law it was not allowed for a European to marry a native woman. Therefore, once the Dutch media began to report on rumors that Snouck had married a native woman, Snouck himself sent letters to these newspapers to officially deny that he had gotten married.<br />
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For as far as Snouck’s time in Aceh is concerned, from July 1891 until February 1892, his role there was purely political. He was appointed “Advisor Eastern Languages and Mohammedan Law”. The book “The Acehnese” that Snouck published following his time in Aceh is actually made up of reports he had written for the colonial administration to advise them. The official name of this research project for the Dutch government was “Report on the religious and political situation in Aceh (Verslag omtrent de religieus politieke toestand in Atjeh)”. This report was over 1000 pages in length, and the book “The Acehnese” was made up of the first two chapters of the report. The Dutch government declared the third part of the report a “state secret”, and consequently this was kept hidden from the public until 1957. The main message in “Report on the religious and political situation in Aceh” was that the resistance in Aceh was not really being lead by the Sultan, as the Dutch had always thought, but by the Islamic scholars, the Ulema. Snouck therefore suggested the Dutch government should try to bribe the Sultan, and persecute the Ulema with full force. He said: “It is not possible to negotiate with the Ulema. Their teachings and self interest imply that they will only listen to violence. To hit them where it hurts, such that the Acehnese will become too afraid to join these gang-leaders, is an absolute prerequisite for restoring the order in Aceh”. The violence against the Islamic scholars that Snouck was calling for should achieve the following goal, as Snouck put it: “Such that in the end he [the scholar] will have to admit. He will have to distance himself from the teachings of Jihad, en he will have to turn to the harmful teachings regarding the Last Day. At that moment Islam will differ from the other great religions only through its teachings about worship and the rituals to be performed for attainment of eternal bliss.”. In other words, Snouck wanted violence against the Ulema such that they would stop talking about Jihad, the Islamic State, and other such concepts from “political Islam”; and going forward would only talk about the Day of Judgment and the rituals of worship.<br />
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Initially, the Dutch government ignored Snouck’s advise. They continued their wars focusing on the Sultan. But as the Aceh War was not being won, in 1896 they decided to try something else. They appointed general Joannes Benedictus Van Heutsz as governor for Aceh, and gave him the expressed task to organize complete subjugation of the region to Dutch rule. In 1898 Van Heutsz then appointed Snouck as his advisor in Aceh. Snouck would remain Van Heutsz’s advisor until 1901. Van Heutsz made sure the army followed the advice of Snouck from 1892, and regularly sent Snouck along with the army on military expeditions. As a consequence, Van Heutsz’s nickname became “the sword of Snouck”. The Dutch army then began a campaign that focused on finding and killing the Ulema of Aceh. And they were so successful in this that by 1903, after 30 years of war, they finally declared victory in Aceh.<br />
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Shortly after this announcement, however, pictures emerged from the battlefields in Aceh. They made clear that most “battlefields” of Van Heutsz’s and Snouck’s war had in fact been the villages of Aceh. To find and kill the Ulema the Dutch army had regularly gone into villages and simply killed each and every inhabitant – men, but also women and children. Nevertheless, after Aceh Snouck remained an advisor to the Dutch government. He also advised them in response to rebellions in Djambi, Krintji, Bandjarmasin, Riau-Lingga en Boni, for instance.<br />
<h2>Snouck Hurgronje’s vision regarding the “Issue of Islam”</h2>During Snouck’s time, just as now, the “Issue of Islam” was high on the political agenda. And clearly, Snouck Hurgronje was not a scientist who remained on the sidelines of the issue. As a spy and advisor to the Dutch government he actively worked on solutions for the problems the Dutch were facing. Wherever In Indonesia there was a fire to be put out, there Snouck would be sent to ensure the Dutch regained control over the Muslims. But Snouck also worked on longer term solutions to the problems of the Dutch in Indonesia.<br />
According to Snouck the fundamental problem with Islam was the fact that Muslims believed in the need for Unity of State, with a Khalifah governing over all of them according to Sharia law. In a letter to Goldziher in 1886, one year after his journey to Mecca, Snouck said: “… I never had any objections to the religious elements of this institute [Islam]. Only its political influence is, in my opinion, deplorable. And as a Dutchmen especially I feel a strong need to warn against this.”<br />
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According to Snouck it was the political side of Islam that caused all the problems for the Dutch in Indonesia – because it motivated the Indonesians to resist the Dutch occupation. But, according to Snouck the political side of Islam was a problem for the Muslims themselves also. According to him the belief of the Muslims in the Islamic State Al Khilafah with Islamic Law is what kept them backward. Snouck was of the opinion that the Shariah laws were not really revealed laws, but were laws invented by the Muslims of the Middle Ages. Because the Muslims believed they were revealed laws, and hence did not want to distance themselves from these laws, the Muslims were stuck in the Middle Ages, Snouck argued. Colonialism was really a blessing, Snouck therefore said, because it introduced the Muslims to the modern ideas of the Enlightenment, secularism, personal freedom and democracy. Snouck said: “The approximately 230.000.000 Mohammedans that live under non-Muslim rule very often do not have sufficient awareness of history to be able to recognize that the change in governance has meant an improvement for them. They look at the political history of Islam through the veil of a legend. And if and when this legend gives reason to complain, they usually belief that all these complaints would be resolved if the Emir al Mu’umineen would manage their affairs.”<br />
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What Snouck envisioned as a final solution for the “Issue of Islam” was a change of Islam. Snouck wanted Islam to become just like Christianity. A religion that consists solely of rituals of worship, and that leaves all other affairs of men, such as legislation and politics, to man. Snouck said: “The only true solution for the problem lies in assimilating the Mohammedan subjects of the Dutch with the Dutch. If we can succeed in this, there will not be an ‘Issue of Islam’ any more. Then there will be enough cultural unity between the subjects of the Queen of The Netherlands living at the coast of the North Sea and those living in Insulinde[11], making the difference in their religions devoid of any political or social importance.”. Snouck called this goal of his “mental annexation”. If the Indonesian Muslims would believe in the western ideology just like the westerners, then they would feel one with the westerners and no longer object to being ruled by the westerners, although their religious rituals might be different.<br />
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Snouck therefore advised the Dutch government to distinguish between what he termed the “real core of dogma” of Islam, such as praying, Hajj, belief in the Day of Judgement, et cetera, which according to Snouck were all harmless matters of belief; and “everything that is political or could eventually become political”. The “real core of dogma”, or what Snouck would sometimes call “the purely religious”, should be left completely free[12]. But the government should forcefully act against political Islam. The Caliphate, Holy War, Shariah, should not be talked about anymore, anywhere.<br />
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Snouck believed this goal of his was a realistic goal, as he made clear in a letter to his friend Goldziher: “I am convinced that in Indonesia a compromise between Islam and humanism is possible.”<br />
And he saw realizing this compromise as his real task as an orientalist: “The development of the Mohammedan world in the direction of our culture, that is part and parcel of my life’s work.”<br />
<br />
<i><b>Andreas De Vries</b> is an international management consultant, and an international speaker and author of several publications on geopolitical, economic and Islamic affairs. He is also a guest contributor for New Civilisation.</i><br />
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The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect New Civilisation’s editorial policy.<br />
[1] The Dutch government funded Snouck’s travel indirectly, by providing him with the grant through the Government financed Royal Institute for Linguistics and Anthropology (Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde).<br />
[2] For more on Raden Aboe Bakr, see: “Raden Aboe Bakar; An introductory note concerning Snouck Hurgronje’s informant in Jeddah (1884-1912)”, by Michael Laffan, in “Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde”, volume 155, number 4, pages 517-542, Leiden, 1999. www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/issue/view/673/showToc<br />
[3] According to P.S. Van Koningsveld. Other some sources say the date was the 22nd of February 1885.<br />
[4] According to the curator of an exhibition about Snouck in Dubai, Elie Domit, Snouck had gotten married in Mecca to an Ethiopian Muslim lady. When he fled the city, he left her – pregnant at that time – behind. See: www.arabnews.com/lifestyle/article199027.ece<br />
[5] Today Jakarta.<br />
[6] The Sunda and the West-Java are the main tribes on the Indonesian Island of Java.<br />
[7] Traditions.<br />
[8] Indonesian for “madrassah”.<br />
[9] In this letter Snouck addressed the Dutch Minister for Colonial Affairs, A.P.C. van Karnebeek.<br />
[10] An Islamic judge with administrative responsibility for the mosques and its personnel.<br />
[11] Old-Dutch term for Indonesia.<br />
[12] During the First World War Snouck had a slight change of heart, however. At that time he urged the Dutch government to not allow Indonesian Muslims to go on Hajj, as he believed the contact between the Indonesian Muslims and the Islamic State should be completely broken during times of war.<br />
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<div class="author_bio"><b>About the author:</b> <b><a href="http://www.eurasiareview.com/author/new-civilization/" rel="author" title="Posts by New Civilisation">New Civilisation</a></b><br />
New Civilisation is an online political journal which provides a unique source of insight and critical analysis regarding the pressing political, economic and ideological issues of the time. Its motivation is to provide an authentic alternative to the standard analysis often found in mainstream outlets – opening a channel for advocates of alternative Islamic political models to present their critiques of other understandings and put forward their own opinions while allowing them to be discussed and challenged within an environment of informed and respectful discourse.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.eurasiareview.com/14092011-christiaan-snouck-hurgronje-history-of-orientalist-manipulation-of-islam-analysis/">link </a><br />
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</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-34624553248850663582011-06-04T11:11:00.000-07:002011-09-18T06:17:46.535-07:00Bangsa Aceh di Paraguay, Amerika Selatan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6c8QbjsS7lV7tY2C2Gv-08__Zox8p4Cb-PLbnC6gwm2aThVK67ilANBr2L7aBVGLTQ1ht1EXNf6X28wy2ytzL-GKNJ5DGCxpZ4nn-Rz3PaKRD1nrhFOdwgX3aqgB7Qa8NvjdcpTsXEJk/s1600/Paraguay-Pos.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6c8QbjsS7lV7tY2C2Gv-08__Zox8p4Cb-PLbnC6gwm2aThVK67ilANBr2L7aBVGLTQ1ht1EXNf6X28wy2ytzL-GKNJ5DGCxpZ4nn-Rz3PaKRD1nrhFOdwgX3aqgB7Qa8NvjdcpTsXEJk/s320/Paraguay-Pos.png" width="264" /></a></div><br />
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<b>Kegemaran</b> 'bangsa' Aceh 'menaklukkan' dunia sepertinya bukan isapan jempol belaka. Di Paraguay, misalnya, anda bisa melihat langsung suku Aceh ini beranak pinak di benua Amerika Latin itu. <br />
Tentu saja fakta ini mengejutkan. Soalnya, selama ini tidak ada informasi tentang adanya komunitas 'bangsa' Aceh, tinggal dan menetap berjarak ribuan mil dari tanoh Aceh.<br />
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Publik hanya tahu komunitas suku Aceh, berdiam di sejumlah negara bagian di Malaysia. Saking familiarnya, ada sejumlah daerah yang diberi nama sama seperti di Aceh. Misalnya Kampung Keudah dan lainnya. Kecuali itu, tidak sedikit orang Aceh yang lama sekali menjadi warga negara Malaysia, menjadi pejabat tinggi pula di negeri jiran itu.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0CUCmNR0hTY-XIOFB7ppTn44v8ZKkCMYeYmCGEH_HV-8LdmvuVNcoYBDZU7YKitDeuKUkMm_BYJiofCS7tBzMhNsJwo8SI0L34mDTwSfQ4ZiYLiOA1VO2u6zDeSb2dxPErZQWUT1b_Co/s1600/DSC_2691.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0CUCmNR0hTY-XIOFB7ppTn44v8ZKkCMYeYmCGEH_HV-8LdmvuVNcoYBDZU7YKitDeuKUkMm_BYJiofCS7tBzMhNsJwo8SI0L34mDTwSfQ4ZiYLiOA1VO2u6zDeSb2dxPErZQWUT1b_Co/s320/DSC_2691.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mungkin seperti inilah salah satu bangsa keturunan Aceh di Paraguay</td></tr>
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Hubungan suku Aceh dan Malaysia ibarat sebuah keluarga. Benar saja, saat gempa dan tsunami melumat bumi Aceh, Pemerintah Malaysia, membuka "pintu" bagi warga Aceh tinggal menetap di Malaysia, walau hanya dengan "cap jempol", tanpa mengantongi identitas yang lazim.<br />
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Selain Malaysia, komunitas 'bangsa' Aceh banyak menetap dan menjadi warga negara Swedia. Di negeri ini, T. Hasan Di Tiro, tokoh yang paling dicari semasa rezim represif berkuasa, mengibarkan perlawanan hampir 30 tahun dengan Pemerintah Indonesia.<br />
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Kini cucu pejuang nasional T. Chik Di Tiro itu mulai sepuh termakan usia. Ia tinggal di sebuah flat di sebuah kawasan yang dihuni oleh 'bangsa' Aceh di sana.<br />
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Bagaimana di Paraguay? Andai saja Gubernur Pemerintahan Aceh yang baru, Irwandi Yusuf tidak melawat ke negeri itu, maka tidak diketahui kalau di Paraguay ada suku Aceh yang berdomisili di negara itu. Boleh dibilang, Senin (19/7) hari bersejarah. Pada hari itu, Gubernur Irwandi Yusuf bertemu dengan pimpinan suku Aceh Paraguay di Kantor Kementerian Luar Negeri Paraguay.<br />
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Rupanya, pertemuan itu diakui Dr. Augusto Fagel Pedrozo, ahli antropologi budaya yang juga Presiden Del Indi, telah lama diimpikannya saat bersama rekan lainnya melakukan penelitian mendalam tentang keberadaan suku Aceh di Paraguay.<br />
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"Selama ini kami telah berupaya untuk mempertemukan suku Aceh di Paraguay dengan Pemerintah Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam," ungkap Augusto Fagel.<br />
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Untuk memujudkan pertemuan dibuat skenario. Langkah awal yang ditempuh menyampaikan niat itu kepada pihak Kementerian Luar Negeri Paraguay. Kemudian rencana itu disampaikan kepada Kepala Perwakilan Pemerintahan RI di Argentina.<br />
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Momen Pagelaran Seni Budaya Aceh di Asuncion, semakin mendekatkan impian Dr Augusto Figer cs. "Kami menilai langkah untuk mempertemukan dua kelompok bersaudara sangat tepat seperti yang terjadi hari ini," kata Dr. Augusto dalam bahasa Spanyol yang didampingi Wakil Menlu Paraguay Bidang Politik Bilateral, Ceferino Valdez Peralta dan Direktur Asia dan Afrika, Gustavo Lopez Bello.<br />
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Sementara itu Gubernur NAD, Irwandi Yusuf dalam acara pertemuan itu mengatakan, "dengan senang hati kami telah bertemu dengan pimpinan suku Aceh di Paraguay menyambut antusiasme tinggi bertemu saudaranya di negeri jauh. "Tapi, Irwandi tadinya tidak mengetahui tentang keberadaan suku Aceh di Paraguay. "Kami baru diberi tahu oleh pihak KBRI Argentina menjelang keberangkatan ke sini, ada suku Aceh di Paraguay," kata Irwandi Yusuf.<br />
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Gubernur di sela pertemuan tak lupa mengundang para pimpinan suku Aceh di Paraguay untuk datang ke Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam meninjau negeri asal, yang telah diting galkan dalam waktu yang sudah cukup lama.<br />
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Irwandi Yusuf berharap kepada tim peneliti yang telah melakukan pengkajian tentang keberadaan suku Aceh di Paraguay untuk meneliti lebih jauh lagi tentang kesamaan-kesamaan budaya antara suku Aceh di sini dengan masyarakat Aceh di Sumatera.<br />
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"Pertemuan hari ini kami tidak merasa asing. Seolah-olah berada di kampung sendiri. Saya perhatikan sosok tubuh suku Aceh di sini banyak kesamaan dengan masyarakat Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam," sebut Gubernur Aceh ini.<br />
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Misalnya, dari segi dialeg bahasa, wanita suka memakai cincin dan aksesoris lainnya. Kalau boleh saya mengatakan pertemuan hari ini adalah pertemuan antara adik dan kakak yang sudah lama terpisah dari kampung halaman, katanya.<br />
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Gubernur NAD dalam pertemuan itu didampingi Kadis Kebudayaan Provinsi NAD, Drs. Adnan Majid, Dirjen Deplu RI Amerika dan Eropa Eddy Hariadhi serta Kepala Perwakilan RI untuk Argentina dan Paraguay, Sunten Z.Manurung.<br />
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Juru bicara suku Aceh, Paraguay Maria Luisa Duarte, mengakui suku Aceh di Paraguay berasal dari Aceh, Sumatera. Soal kapan persisnya dan kenapa menetap di Paraguay, kata Maria akan dilakukan penelitian lebih jauh lagi. "Pertemuan hari ini dengan pihak Pemerintah Nanggroe Aceh akan lebih terjalin hubungan yang lebih mendalam lagi," pintanya.<br />
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Setelah ini diharapkan ada tindaklanjut untuk lebih mempererat hubungan kedua komponen masyarakat Aceh ini. Maria menambahkan, "informasi tsunami yang melanda Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam 2004 lalu selalu menjadi ingatan kami walaupun kami belum melihat langsung bagaimana dahsyatnya musibah yang terjadi kepada saudara-saudara kami di Aceh, Sumatera."<br />
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Sekretaris Tim Promosi Seni Budaya Aceh, Aidi Kamal melalui e-mailnya kepada Waspada dari Asuncion, Paraguay melaporkan, pimpinan suku Aceh di Paraguay yang hadir dalam pertemuan itu antara lain, Maria Luisa Duarte dan Alba Portillo Maximo dari Propinsi Central, Margarita Mbywangi, Antonio Pepagi dan Roberto Achepurangi dari Provinsi Canindeyu dan Ramona Takuarangi dari Provinsi Caazapa.<br />
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Aidi Kamal yang juga Staf Biro Keistimewaan Aceh Setda NAD menambahkan, suku Aceh di Paraguay sekarang berjumlah 1.300 orang yang tersebar di tiga provinsi di Paraguay, yaitu Provinsi Central, Provinsi Canindeyu dan Provinsi Caazapa. "Mereka sebagian besar berprofesi sebagai pedagang dan petani," kata Aidi Kamal.<br />
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Di akhir pertemuan, Gubernur NAD menyerahkan cenderamata berupa rencong kepada pimpinan suku Aceh di Paraguay yang diterima Maria Luisa Duarte. Sedangkan pimpinan suku Aceh menyerahkan cenderamata pada Gubernur NAD hasil kerajinan mereka berupa ikan yang terukir dari kayu.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2107867326539915934.post-82918572988799186412011-05-30T09:57:00.001-07:002011-05-30T09:57:57.360-07:00Tun Sri Lanang: Permata Melayu di Negeri Aceh<div class="cover"> <div class="entry"> <br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6C4uAnvOWjuwqA_iys8UA-Q77Y5DDpX4BXxHFbIApQZNk9feMJUk67vO-IYvHZnrAhVVXUVdcQkPAP7k6xeCYo8s9_2su9CIfr7CYEQLo4HWZCmIb7mS7B4fBYDgSzw1n08-X-iOw7f0/s1600/66970_124446674277870_106981376024400_128843_5141617_a.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6C4uAnvOWjuwqA_iys8UA-Q77Y5DDpX4BXxHFbIApQZNk9feMJUk67vO-IYvHZnrAhVVXUVdcQkPAP7k6xeCYo8s9_2su9CIfr7CYEQLo4HWZCmIb7mS7B4fBYDgSzw1n08-X-iOw7f0/s1600/66970_124446674277870_106981376024400_128843_5141617_a.jpg" /></a>KEBESARAN Kesultanan Islam Melaka hancur setelah Portugis menaklukinya tahun 1511 M. Banyak pembesar pembesar kerajaan yang menyelamatkan diri ke kerajaan lainnya yang belum dijamah oleh Portugis, seperti Pahang, Johor, Pidie, Aru (Pulau Kampai), Perlak, Daya, Pattani Pasai dan Aceh. Portugispun berusaha menakluki negeri Islam yang kecil kecil ini dan tanpa perlawanan yang berarti. Perkembangan ini sangat menggundahkan Sultan Alaidin Mughayatsyah (1514-1530 M). </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a name='more'></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sultan berkeinginan untuk membebaskan negeri Islam di Sumatera dan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dari cengkeraman Portugis. Keinginan Sultan ini didukung penuh oleh pembesar negeri Aceh dan dan para pencari suaka dari Melaka yang sekarang menetap di Bandar Aceh. Sultan memproklamirkan Kerajaan Islam Aceh Darussalam pada tahun 1521 M, dengan visi utamanya menyatukan negeri kecil seperti Pedir, Daya, Pasai, Tamiang, Perlak dan Aru.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sultan Alaidin Ali Mughayatsyah berprinsip "Siapa kuat hidup, siapa lemah tenggelam" oleh karenanya dalam pikiran Sultan untuk membangun negeri yang baru diproklamirkannya perlu penguatan di bidang politik luar negeri, militer yang tangguh ekonomi yang handal dan pengaturan hukum/ketatanegaraan yang teratur. (baca HM Said, Aceh Sepanjang Abad hlm 102). Dengan strategi inilah menurut pikiran Sultan Kerajaan Islam Aceh Darussalam akan menjadi Negara yang akan diperhitungkan dalam percaturan politik global sesuai dengan masanya dan mampu mengusir Portugis dari negeri negeri Islam di nusantara yang telah didudukinya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dasar pembangunan kerajaan Islam Aceh Darussalam yang digagaskan oleh Sultan Alaidin Ali Mughayatsyah dilanjutkan oleh penggantinya seperti Sultan Alaidin Riayatsyah Alqahhar, Alaidin Mansyursyah, Saidil Mukammil dan Iskandar Muda. Aliansi dengan Negara Negara Islam di bentuk.baik yang ada di nusantara maupun di dunia internasional lainnya, misalnya Turki, India, Persia, Maroko. Pada zaman inilah Aceh mampu menempatkan diri dalam kelompok "lima besar Islam" Negara Negara Islam di dunia. Hubungan diplomatic dengan negeri non muslimpun dibina sepanjang tidak mengganggu dan tidak bertentangan dengan asas asas kerajaan (baca A. Hasymi, Kebudayaan Aceh dalam Sejarah, hlm 104,105,114,297) . </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Perseteruan kerajaan Aceh dengan Portugis terus berlangsung sampai tahun 1641 M. Akibatnya banyak anak negeri yang syahid baik itu di Aceh sendiri, Aru, Bintan, Kedah, Johor, Pahang dan Trenggano. Populasi penduduk Aceh menurun drastis. Sultan Iskandar Muda mengambil kebijakan baru dengan menggalakkan penduduk di daerah takluknya untuk berimigrasi ke Aceh inti, misalnya dari Sumatera Barat, Kedah, Pahang, Johor dan Melaka, Perak, Deli. W Linehan, mengatakan "the whole territory of Acheh was almost depopulated by war. The king endeavoured to repeople the country by his conquests. Having ravaged the kingdoms of Johore, Pahang, Kedah, Perak and Deli, he transported the inhabitants from those place to Acheh to the number of twenty-two thousand person". (W.LINEHAN, A History of Pahang, hlm 36). Peristiwa ini terjadi pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pada tahun 1613 M Iskandar Muda menghancurkan Batu Sawar, Johor seluruh penduduknya termasuk sultan Alauddin Riayatshah III, adiknya Raja Abdullah, Raja Raden dan pembesar pembesar negeri Johor-Pahang seperti Raja Husein (Iskandar Thani), Putri Kamaliah (Protroe Phang), dan Bendaharanya (Perdana Menteri) Tun Muhammad, lebih dikenal dengan nama samarannya "Tun Sri Lanang" dipindahkan ke Aceh dan dijadikan raja pertama Samalanga (1615-1659). Tun Sri Lanang inilah yang akan penulis diskusikan pada hari ini didasarkan pada:</div><ol><li>Tiga Sultan kerajaan negeri di Malaysia yaitu Johor, Pahang dan Trenggano adalah keturunan Tun Sri Lanang.</li>
<li>Pemerintah Malaysia telah menetapkan Tun Sri Lanang sebagai pujangga agung bersama Abdullah Munsyi. Bahkan pemerintah Malaysia menabalkan nama Tun Sri Lanang pada jalan jalan utama dan gedung gedung pertemuan baik di kalangan akademik maupun tempat pertemuan lainnya.</li>
<li>Karya Tun Sri Lanang "Sulalatus Salatin" telah menjadi rujukan apabila ingin menuliskan Sejarah Melayu Modern.</li>
<li>Sedikit sekali masyarakat Aceh yang pernah mendengar nama Tun Sri Lanang apalagi mempelajari kisah hidupnya padahal beliau menghabiskan masa akhir hidupnya di Aceh dan menjadi Ampon syik pertama Samalanga serta dimakamkan di sebuah desa kecil lancok kecamatan Samalanga.</li>
<li>Tun Sri Lanang ini bisa dijadikan perekat hubungan antara Aceh dengan Malaysia.</li>
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;">Peristiwa Laut </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;"><br />
</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://a8.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash2/34421_124442364278301_106981376024400_128813_8011290_n.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://a8.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash2/34421_124442364278301_106981376024400_128813_8011290_n.jpg" width="320" /></a>Pemerintahan Kerajaan Islam Aceh Darussalam menerapkan pendekatan lunak maupun tegas untuk menjaga keutuhan wilayahnya, dari ancaman disintegrasi bangsa baik yang bersumber dari dalam negeri maupun luar negeri. Strategi lunak yaitu "politik meubisan" dan " rotasi pimpinan daerah taklukan Aceh". Kalau jalan ini tidak berhasil Sultan akan mengerahkan angkatan perangnya menundukkan daerah takluknya yang melawan terhadap kebijakan pusat. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Politik meubisan ini seperti pernah dilakukan oleh Sultan Iskandar Muda dengan mengawinkan adiknya dengan Sultan Abdullah Ma'ayat shah (H.Buyong Adil, Sejarah Pahang, hlm 71-77) . Kemudian Sultan Murka karena adik yang dicintainya diceraikan oleh Sultan Abdullah. Iskandar Muda memerintahkan pasukannya untuk membumi hanguskan batu sawar, ibukota kerajaanJohor lama Pada tahun 1623 M. Abdullahpun mangkat dalam pelarian di Pulau tembelan. Politik meubisan berhasil juga menundukkan Perak dan Pahang. Setelah pembesar-pembesar pahang mengetahui anak negerinya Raja Mughal anak Sultan Ahmad dinobatkan sebagai sultan Kerajaan Islam Aceh Darussalam menggantikan Iskandar Muda pada tahun 1637 M, Adik Sultan Iskandar Thani Raja Sulong menjadi Sultan Perak ke 10 dengan gelar Sultan Muzaffar Shah II maka rakyat ke dua negeri langsung melakukan ikrar kesetiaan mendukung keutuhan Kerajaan Islam Aceh Darussalam.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tun Sri Lanang atas saran Putri Kamaliah, Sultan Iskandar Muda menjadikannya raja pertama ke Samalanga. (baca A.K Yakobi, Aceh Dalam Perang Mempertahankan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan 1945 - 1949, hlm 40 - 48). Rotasi pimpinan ini sering ditempuh guna mencegah terjadinya pemberontakan raja raja yang mendapat dukungan rakyat. Penobatan Tun Seri Lanang menjadi raja Samalanga mendapat dukungan rakyat, karena disamping beliau ahli dibidang pemerintahan juga alim dalam ilmu agama, sultan Iskandar Muda mengharapkan dengan penunjukan ini akan membantu pengembangan Islam di pesisir timur Aceh. Penentangan justru muncul dari beberapa tokoh masyarakat yang dipimpin oleh Hakim Peut Misei yang menginginkan kelompoknya lah yang berhak menjadi raja pertama Samalanga.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Alkisah menurut penuturan orang orang tua disana. Setelah Hakim Peut Misei dan 11 orang pemuka negeri lainnya bersama rakyat setempat selesai membuka negeri Samalanga, bermusyawarahlah mareka siapa yang berhak menjadi raja pertama. Diantara panitia yang terlibat dalam persiapan pengukuhan keuleebalangan Samalanga dan daerah takluknya, terjadi pergaduhan dan atas saran masyarakat agar ke 12 orang panitia ini menghadap sultan Iskandar Muda, biarlah sultan yang akan menentukan pilihan terbaiknya untuk memimpin negeri pusat pendidikan Islam ini. Sayup-sayup Puteri Pahang pun mengetahui rencana pertemuan 12 tokoh masyarakat yang akan menghadap sultan. Beliau menginginkan keuleebalangan Samalanga dan daerah takluknya diisi oleh Datok Bendahara bergelar Tun Sri Lanang yang tiada lain adalah saudaranya sendiri. Siasat diatur cara ditempuh, Tun Seri Lanang diperintahkan berlayar ke Samalanga, berpura puralah ia sebagai seorang nelayan yang kumuh tetapi ahli melihat bintang. Rencana Putri Pahang Tun Sri Lanang harus duluan tiba di Samalanga dan ke 12 tokoh masyarakat ini diusahakan menggunakan jasa beliau untuk berlayar ke kuala Aceh menghadap Baginda.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pada hari yang telah disepakati bersama, berangkatlah 12 orang panitia menghadap tuanku sultan dengan didampingi seorang pawang dari kuala Samalanga menuju kuala Aceh. Ke 12 orang ini mengatur sembah sujud kehadapan baginda dan mengutarakan maksud dan tujuan menghadap Daulat Tuanku Meukuta Alam. Mareka meminta kepada tuanku agar salah satu dari mareka dinobatkan menjadi uleebalang pertama Samalanga. Sultan setelah meminta pendapat orang orang besar kerajaan dan Puteri Pahang setuju menobatkan salah satu dari mareka menjadi raja pertama asal cincin kerajaan yang telah disiapkan oleh Puteri Pahang cocok untuk jari kelingking mareka. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Setelah dicoba satu persatu, cincin kerajaan ini terlalu besar untuk dipakai pada 12 orang tersebut. Puteri Pahang menanyakan pada mareka apa ada orang lain yang tidak dibawa ke balai rung istana? Mareka dengan hati kesal menjawab memang masih ada tukang perahu. Tun Seri Lanangpun dihadapkan kehadapan Sultan, cincin kerajaan sangat cocok untuk jari kelingkingnya. Iskandar Muda menobatkan Tun Seri Lanang menjadi raja pertama Samalanga. Sewaktu mareka pulang Tun Seri Lanang dibuang ditengah laut di kawasan laweung kejadian ini dikenal dalam masyarakat Samalanga Peristiwa Laut. Maharaja Lela Keujroeun Tjoereh (Laweung) menyelamatkannya dan bersama T. Nek Meuraksa Panglima Nyak Doom menghadap Baginda dan memberitahukan penemuan Tun Seri Lanang di Tengah Laut.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Baginda Murka dan memerintahkan Maharaja Goerah bersama T. Nek Meuraksa Panglima Nyak Doom dan Maharaja Lela Keujroeun Tjoereh menemani Tun Seri Lanang ke Samalanga. Hakim Peut Misee dan 11 orang panitia persiapan keuleebalangan dihukum pancung oleh sultan. Tun Sri Lanang menjadi uleebalang pertama Samalanga pada tahun 1615-1659 M dan mangkat di Lancok Samalanga. Pada masa pemerintahannya berhasil menjadikan Samalanga sebagai pusat pengembangan Islam di kawasan timur Aceh, dan tradisi ini terus berlanjut sampai dengan saat ini. Beberapa masjid disana dibangun pada zamannya seperti Masjid Matang wakeuh, tanjungan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Keturunan Tun Sri Lanang di Aceh Tun Rembau yang lebih dikenal dengan panggilan T. Tjik Di Blang Panglima Perkasa menurunkan keluarga Ampon Chik Samalanga sampai saat ini dan tetap memakai gelar Bendahara diakhir namanya seperti Mayjen T. Hamzah Bendahara. Sedangkan sebagian keturunannya kembali ke Johor dan menjadi bendahara (Perdana Menteri) disana seperti Tun Abdul Majid yang menjadi Bendahara Johor, Pahang, Riau, Lingga (1688-1697). Keturunan Tun Abdul Majid inilah menjadi zuriat Sultan Trengganu, Pahang, Johor dan Negeri Selangor Darul Ihsan hingga sekarang ini. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;">Berpisah Haluan</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://a4.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/71798_124442047611666_106981376024400_128811_5594060_n.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://a4.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/71798_124442047611666_106981376024400_128811_5594060_n.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Institusi bendahara dalam Kesultanan Melaka, Johor, pahang, Riau dan Lingga mungkin hampir sama dengan institusi Polem di Aceh. Dimana kalau Panglima Polem berperan sebagai peuduk peudeung raja, institusi bendaharapun berperan sebagai lembaga fit and proper test , penjaga adat Raja Melayu. Institusi bendahara ini dibantu oleh Temenggong, Laksamana, Penghulu Bendahari dan Orang-Orang Kaya. Hubungan bendahara dengan Sultan disemenanjung di abad 17 dan 18 sempat tidak harmonis karena beda haluan politik antara Sultan dengan Bendahara dalam hal menyikapi masalah Aceh. Tun Seri Lanang lebih memihak ke kesultanan Aceh dalam hal menghadapi portugis. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dalam kacamata Tun Sri Lanang memerangi Portugis adalah jihad Islami, dan wajib bagi setiap individu muslim memeranginya yang telah menduduki pemerintahan negeri negeri Melayu dan setuju dengan pendapat Sultan Aceh untuk menyerang mana mana negeri Melayu yang bersubhat dengan Portugis. Sedangkan Sultan Johor lebih memilih bekerjasama dengan Portugis, walaupun Kesultanan Aceh telah mengingatkan agar kerajaan melayu islam di nusantara ini bersatu melawan musuh agama mareka. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sultan Alaudin Riayat Shah III setelah dibebaskan oleh Sultan Iskandar Muda dan adiknya Abdullah dikawinkan dengan adik Sultan Iskandar Muda kembali ke Johor. Kemudian berkhianat dan akhirnya dibunuh oleh Sultan Aceh. Sedangkan bendaharanya Tun Seri Lanang memilih tetap tinggal dan meninggal di Aceh dan ini diakui oleh R.O. Winstedt, (A History of Johore (1365-1895), hlm 33-35) Cuma penulis barat lebih banyak menjelekkan Aceh dalam hal perseteruan antara Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam dengan Kerajaan Melayu di Semenanjung. Contohnya Winstedt mengatakan "Tun Sri Lanang of the 'Malay Annals' was a prisoner with the Sultan at Pasai (pen Samalanga) and records in the introduction to that work that his master died at Acheh. Bahkan W. Linehan dalam bukunya the History of Pahang hal 35-37 lebih memojokkan Aceh lagi bahkan menuduh Sultan Aceh telah melakukan tindakan barbarous polcy terhadap tawanannya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cuplikan pendapat di atas adalah bagian propaganda orientalis untuk mendiskreditkan Kerajaan Islam Aceh Darussalam dimata masyarakat negeri negeri Melayu di Semenanjung. Akibatnya keturunan Tun Sri Lanang diasingkan sampai 60 tahun disana. Posisi Bendahara diambil alih oleh Laksamana Tun Abdul Jamil dan keturunannya. Baru pada tahun 1688 M posisi bendahara dikembalikan kepada Tun Abdul Majid cucu Tun Sri Lanang melalui anaknya Tun Mat Ali. Untuk memperkaya khazanah pembaca penulis kutip sebahagian bait syair melayu yang menggambarkan kegundahan pembesar pembesar negeri akibat tidak harmonisnya hubungan Sultan dengan Bendahara.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Syair ini penulis kutip dalam buku Institusi Bendahara Permata Melayu Yang Hilang; Dinasti Bendahara Johor - Pahang.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Tersebut kisah bendahara Muhammad, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Mendapat titah, Duli Hadirat, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Walau dirasa, beban yang amat, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Sedia dipikul, penuh semangat, </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Sultan Johor, beri amanat, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Bukukan kisa, serta riwayat, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Raja Melayu, dan adat istiadat, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Supaya tak hilang, sampai kiamat, </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Dato' Bendahara, jalankan titah, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Tiada berkira, penat dan lelah, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Penuh tafahus, menyusun sejarah, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Agar kisah menjadi ibrah, </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Sejarah Melayu, terbuku sudah, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Duli Pertuan, dibawah Sembah, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Jasa Bendahara, telah dicurah, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Bangsa Melayu, dapat faedah, </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Sejarah Melayu, agungkan karangan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Bendahara Muhammad Jadi Sebutan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Tun Sri Lanang nama timangan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Pujangga Melayu, tiada tandingan, </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Suatu ketika, tersebut riwayat, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Raja-Bendahara, hilang muafakat, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Cuba pulihkan, tidaklah dapat, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Berpisah haluan, tak dapat disekat, </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Bendahara Johor, berhati rawan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Terlerai sudah, tali ikatan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Kalau begitu, kehendak Sultan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Apa nak buat, terpaksa turutkan, </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Negeri Johor, apalah malang, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Dato' bendahara, kini menghilang, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Baginda Sultan, tiada terhalang, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Mengikut rasa, alang kepalang. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Laksamana Paduka, jadi pilihan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Ganti mamanda, disisi Sultan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Pembesar Melayu, tiadalah aman, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Tingkah laksamana, datangkan keruan. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Negeri diatur, sewenang-wenang, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Adat disanggah, alang kepalang, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Laksamana paduka, menjadi dalang, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Segala perintahnya, tak boleh di bangkang, </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Duduk di Riau, Sultan Johor, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Rencana Laksamana, jelas tersohor, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Muafakat bersama, sudah terkubur, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Daulat raja, hilanglah luhur. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Enam dekat, berlalu masa, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Laksamana sekeluarga, masih berkuasa, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Duli pertuan, tiada periksa, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Pembesar Melayu, menjadi sisa. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Sultan Johor, mangkatlah sudah, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Putera Baginda, kerajaan diserah, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Tingkah laksamana, tetap tak ubah, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Duli Pertuan, berhati gundah. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Sampai masanya, yang bersesuaian, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Titah diberi, Duli Pertuan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Adat Melayu, ikutlah aturan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Supaya kita, tidak kerugian. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;">Bendahara-Sultan, seperti sebadan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Janganlah cuba, pisah-pisahkan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Tali yang lerai, kita ikatkan, </div><div style="text-align: center;">Warisan Melaka, kita sambungkan. Dst. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tun Sri Lanang dan Keluarganya diberi penghargaan khusus di Aceh. Disamping di angkat menjadi Raja di Samalanga dan Daerah Takluknya keluarganyapun di beri gelar kebesaran dan jabatan oleh Sultan. Seperti gelar Seri Paduka Tuan di Acheh (Daniel Crecelius & E.A. Beardow, A Reputed Achehnese Sarakata of The Jamalullail Dynasty, JMBRAS, vol 52, 1979 hlm 52), Puteranya Tun Rembau menjadi Panglima Aceh (Tun Sri Lanang, Sejarah Melayu (suntingan Shellabear) 1986 hlm 156). Cucunya (nama lupa) anak dari Tun Jenal (Zainal) dikawinkan dengan Sayyid Zainal Abidin dimana nenek Zainal Abidin ini adalah adik kakek sebelah lelaki sultan Iskandar Muda ((baca Suzana Hj Othman, Institusi Bendahara Permata Melayu yang Hilang, penerbit Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, Johor, hlm 181-183) Perkawinan ini merapatkan hubungan Raja Raja Negeri Melayu dengan Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (lihat lampiran). </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;">Pujangga Melayu </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Tun Sri Lanang disamping ahli pemerintahan juga dikenal sebagai pujangga melayu. Karyanya yang menumental adalah kitab Sulalatus Salatin. Menurut Winstedt, kitab ini dikarang mulai bulan Februari 1614 dan siapnya Januari 1615 sewaktu menjadi tawanan di kawasan Pasai ( The history of Johor, hlm 345). Apabila kita baca mukaddimah kitab ini, tidak jelas disebutkan siapa pengarang yang sebenarnya. Dan ini biasa dilakukan oleh oleh pengarang pengarang dahulu yang berusaha menyembunyikan penulis aslinya terhadap hasil karangannya. Bahkan menyebutkan dirinya sebagai fakir. Kalimat aslinya sbb; </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Setelah fakir allazi murakkabun 'a;a jahlihi maka</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>fakir perkejutlah diri fakir pada mengusahakan dia,</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>syahadan mohonkan taufik ke hadrat Allah, Tuhan</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>sani'il - 'alam, dan minta huruf kepada nabi sayyidi'l</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>'anam, dan minta ampun kepada sahabat yang akram; maka</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>fakir karanglah hikayat ini kamasami' tuhu min jaddi</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>wa abi, supaya akan menyukakan duli hadrat baginda.</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Maka fakir namai hikayaat ini " Sulalatus Salatin"</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>yakni "pertuturan segala Raja-Raja". (Baca Sulatus salatin hal 3) </i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Para ahli berbeda pendapat tentang pengarang sebenarnya kitab ini misalnya Winstedt, menyebut Tun Sri Lanang sebagai penyunting saja. Pendapat ini tidak punya landasan yang kuat, karena Syaikh Nuruddin al Raniri dalam kitabnya Bustanul Salatin fasal ke 12 bab II menyebutkan: </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>"Kata Bendahara Paduka Raja yang mengarang kitab</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>misrat Sulalatus Salatin, ia mendengar daripada</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>bapanya, ia mendengar dari pada neneknya dan datuknya,</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>tatkala pada hijrat al Nabi salla 'llahu 'alaihi wa</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>sallama seribu dua puluh esa, pada bulan Rabiul awal</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>pada hari Ahad, ia mengarang hikayat pada menyatakan</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>segala raja raja yang kerajaan di negeri Melaka,</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Johor, Pahang, dan menyatakan bangsa, dan salasilah</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>mereka itu daripada Sultan Iskandar Zulkarnain_" </i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pendapat ini lebih menyakinkan penulis apalagi Hj Buyong Adil, dalam bukunya Sejarah Johor menyatakan Tun Sri Lanang selalu berguru pada ulama ulama terkenal di Aceh, seperti Nurdin Arraniri, Tun Acheh, Tun Burhat, Hamzah Fansuri, Syeikh Syamsuddin Assumatrani. Dalam hal ini Syech Nurdin Arraniri tentu kenal baik dengan Tun Sri lanang. Wallahu a'lam.</div><br />
* M. Adli Abdullah Penulis adalah pencinta Sejarah dan Dosen FakultasHukum Universitas Syiah Kuala Darussalam Banda Aceh<br />
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